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Archivos de Zootecnia
On-line version ISSN 1885-4494Print version ISSN 0004-0592
Arch. zootec. vol.60 n.230 Córdoba Jun. 2011
https://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S0004-05922011000200015
SHORT NOTE
Effects of enzyme and feeding system on turkey performance
Efecto del uso de una enzima y sistema de alimentación sobre productividad en pavos
García-López, J.C.1, Pinos-Rodríguez, J.M.1, García-Galicia, I.A.2, Galicia-Juárez, G.B.3, Gorostiola-Herrera, M.L.4 and Camacho-Escobar, M.A.5
1Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. S.L.P. 78377. México.
2Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua. F.R. Almada. CP 31453. México.
3Tecnológico Agropecuario 35. Tlalpizáhuac, Edo. de México. CP 56560. México.
4Dirección de Educación Tecnológica Agropecuaria. Ciudad de México. CP 03900. México.
5Universidad del Mar Campus Puerto Escondido. Vía Sola de Vega, km 1.5. Puerto Escondido. Mixtepec, Oaxaca. CP 71980. México.
SUMMARY
The aim of the present study was to evaluate an enzyme preparation with protease, amylase, cellulase, beta-galactosidase and pentosanase activity on productive and carcass performance of turkeys under a confined or semi-confined system. Eight hundred White Diamond turkeys (nine weeks old, 5084 g body weight) were randomly assigned to a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement: factor system (confined and semi-confined) and enzyme (0 and 0.1% as DM of total diet) four treatments, 5 replicas per treatment. Weight gain (WG), live weight (LW), feed intake (FI), forage intake (FGI), and carcass yield (CY) were recorded weekly for eight weeks. Turkeys under semi-confined system had higher final body weight, total gain, average daily gain, hot and cold carcass weight as well as less feed conversion than those under confined system. Hot and cold dressing was similar in turkeys under both systems. Enzyme increased final body weight, total gain, average daily gain, hot and cold carcass weight as well as reduced feed conversion ratio in turkeys under semi-confined system. Feed intake, hot and cold carcass dressing was not affected by enzymes.
Enzyme preparation had a beneficial effect on growth and carcass performance of turkeys in a semi-confined system.
Key words: Body weight. Carcass weight. Corn-soybean diets.
RESUMEN
Se evaluó el efecto de una enzima (proteasas, amilasas, celulolasas y galactosidasas) sobre la productividad y calidad de la canal en pavos en confinamiento y semi-confinamiento en la etapa de finalización. Un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 2 fue utilizado con 800 pavos White Diamond (nueve semanas de edad, 5084 g peso vivo) a los tratamientos: sistema (confinamiento y semi-confinamiento) y enzima (0 y 0,1% como % DM total de la dieta) para un total de cuatro tratamientos, 5 replicas por tratamiento, 40 pavos por réplica. La ganancia de peso (WG), peso vivo (LW), consumo de alimento (FI), consumo de forraje (FGI) y la calidad de la canal (CY) fueron registrados semanalmente por ocho semanas. Los pavos bajo el sistema de semi-confinamiento tuvieron mayor peso final, ganancia de peso total, ganancia de peso diaria, peso de la canal caliente y fría, así como menor conversión alimenticia que los pavos en el sistema de confinamiento. El porcentaje de la canal fría y caliente fue similar en los pavos en ambos sistemas. La enzima incrementó el peso corporal final, ganancia de peso total, ganancia diaria promedio, peso de la canal caliente y fría, así como también disminuyó la conversión alimenticia en pavos bajo el sistema de semi-confinamiento. El consumo de alimento y el porcentaje de la canal caliente y fría no fueron afectados por las enzimas. La enzima tuvo un efecto benéfico en las características de crecimiento y calidad de la canal en pavos bajo el sistema de semi-confinamiento.
Palabras clave: Peso corporal. Peso canal. Dietas maíz-pasta soya.
Introduction
The majority of the high value protein ingredients utilized in alimentary rations for birds are from vegetable origin, they contain a large quantity of anti-nutritional factors as tannins, phytate, lectins, etc. (North and Bell, 1993; Lesson and summers, 1997). Furthermore the carbohydrate fraction of these ingredients (i.e. soybean meal) consists mainly of non-starch polysaccha-rides (NSP) which are resistant to the digestive enzymes of turkeys (Bach, 2001). Many studies have reported the beneficial use of enzymes preparation containing a mix of proteases, cellulose, xilanase, glucanase and phytase in the broiler feeding, as a result of the improved nutrient digestion and absorption; live weight, daily gain, and most of the performance traits are improved (Bedford and Morgan, 1996). The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of exogenous enzymes on productive and carcass parameters of finishing turkeys on confined or semi-confined systems.
Materials and Methods
Eight hundred White Diamond turkeys (nine weeks old, 5084 g average body weight) were used. Treatments: confined without enzyme (T1), confined with enzyme 0.1% (T2), semi-confined without enzyme (T3); and semi-confined with enzyme 0.1% (T4). Distributed in 20 pens; 40 turkeys/pen, 5 replicas/treatment. Birds under confined and semi-confined had free access to diets based in corn and soybean meal (table I) according to NRC (1997). Confined birds were kept all the time in the pen. Semi-grazing birds had daily access for 4 h to grassland in meadows with a botanical composition as follow: 30% oat, 30% barley, 30% alfalfa and 10% of native plants (Amaranthus spp., Cnidoscolus multilobus, Argemone platyceras, Mauve palviflora, Datura spp., Melamposium divaricatum and Boerhaavia erect). Samples of the grassland and diets (table I) were analyzed for dry mater (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, crude fiber (AOAC, 1990), and metabolizable energy. Values of lysine, methionine, calcium and phosphorus were calculated using MIXIT. Grassland had 20% DM, 16.38% CP and 24.84% FC in DM basis. Enzymes (Allzyme-Vegpro, Alltech Inc, KY. UsA) was added at 0.1% on DM of total diet). According to Alltech, this enzyme preparation has protease, amylase, cellulase, beta-galactosidase and pentosanase activity. In a weekly basis for eight weeks, body weight and feed intake was recorded from each pen. Then, daily weight gain and feed conversion (feed: gain) were calculated. After the experiment was done poults were slaughtered in an authorized abattoir. Carcass characteristics were evaluated after 8 weeks of trial. Hot carcass weight was taken the same day of slaughter, then carcass was kept at 4oC, cold weight was recorded 24 hours after. Using those values, percentages of hot and cold carcass dressing were calculated. Data were analyzed using a Mixed Procedure of SAS (1999) within a factorial design (enzyme x feeding system). Treatments were fixed in model and pen was considered as a random effect. Initial body weight was tested as a covariate but it was not included in the model (p>0.05). Data over time were analyzed using repeated measure of SAS (1999) to test time x treatment interaction. When the interaction of the main effects (system x enzyme) was significant (p<0.05), LSMEANS was carried out to identify to the different averages. Differences were set at p<0.05.
Results
The DM intake was not affected by feeding system or enzyme addition. Turkeys under semi-confined system without or with enzyme had higher final body weight (p<0.001), total gain (p<0.001), average daily weight gain (p<0.001), hot and cold carcass weight (p<0.001) as well as less feed conversion ratio (p<0.001) than those under confined system (table II). Hot and cold dressing percentages were similar in turkeys under both systems. Enzyme addition in turkeys under confined or semi-confined system improved total gain (p<0.05), average daily weight gain (p<0.01), feed conversion ratio (p<0.05), hot and cold carcass weight (p<0.001 and p<0.05 respectively). There was an interaction of feeding system x enzyme (p>0.05) for growth performance traits.
Discussion
In this experiment was observed that live weight and daily live weight were increased with the use of the enzyme, showing a better response in animals on semi-grazing system, than those without the enzyme. Santos et al. (2004) tested the effect of an enzyme on turkey fed wheat based diets, and found that the enzyme supplementation improved growth performance and energy utilization of turkeys. In regard of feed intake in our study there was more forage consumption in turkeys with the use of the enzyme; feed intake in confinement was similar with or without the enzyme. There were no differences in carcass yield in turkeys either on feeding system or enzyme addition. The semi-confined system had poorly response to the enzyme addition, maybe for the presence of bacterial cellulolitic flora in the cecal sacs, like wild turkeys that mainly graze to obtain their feed (Bedford and Morgan, 1996). In conclusion the enzyme preparation had a beneficial effect on growth and carcass performance of turkeys in a semi-confined system.
References
AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington, DC. USA. 1298 pp. [ Links ]
Bach, K.K.E. 2001. The nutritional significance of dietary fiber analysis. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech., 90: 3-20. [ Links ]
Bedford, M.R. and Morgan, A.J. 1996. The use of enzymes in poultry diets. World Poultry. Sci. J., 52: 61-67. [ Links ]
Lesson, s. and Summers, J.D. 1997. Commercial poultry nutrition, 2nd edition. University Books, Guelph, Ontario. Canada. pp. 13-96. [ Links ]
North, O.M. and Bell, D.D. 1993. Commercial chicken production manual. 3rd edition. Editorial: El Manual Moderno, s.A. de C.V. México. 829 pp. [ Links ]
NRC. 1997. Nutrients requirement of poultry. National Academy Press. Washington, DC. [ Links ]
Santos, A.A. Jr., Ferket, P.R., Grimes, J.L. and Edens, F.W. 2004. Dietary supplementation of endoxylanases and phospholipase for turkeys fed wheat-based rations. Int. J. Poultry Sci., 3: 20-32. [ Links ]
SAS. 1999. User's guide. statistics. Version 8.0. Cary. North Carolina. 956 pp. [ Links ]
Recibido: 10-12-08.
Aceptado: 5-3-09.