Abstract

HERMIDA LAZCANO, Ignacio et al. Tumor markers. Rev Clin Med Fam [online]. 2016, vol.9, n.1, pp.31-42. ISSN 2386-8201.

Tumor markers are molecules (usually glycoproteins), the levels of which may be elevated in the presence of a cancer, either as a host's reaction to the tumor or as a product of the tumor itself. These molecules, whose serum concentration also depends on the biological variability of the patient, are detectable in different biological fluids. The usefulness of tumor markers is determined by the sensitivity and specificity of each of them. There is no tumor marker which is 100% sensitive and specific. A tumor marker with a high sensitivity would be the one that is elevated in the majority of patients who present certain neoplasm, whereas specificity would be determined by those patients with normal levels of the tumor marker who do not present any type of neoplasm. Thus, markers with high levels of sensitivity and specificity would allow for the detection of patients with cancer, and for their differentiation from healthy individuals or from patients with benign pathologies. We can say that, in general, due to the lack of high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, tumor markers are not helpful for an early detection of neoplasms, but they do help to confirm a diagnosis already established by more sensitive methods. Most markers also have a prognostic value at the time of diagnosis, since their concentration is related to tumor size. However, their true clinical value lies in patient monitoring, both for detecting early recurrence and for evaluating the effectiveness of the established treatment. Our aim is to review the tumor markers most commonly used in our clinical practice, as well as some agreed recommendations on the indication of their determination in various tumors.

Keywords : Tumor Markers; Biological; Cancer; Diagnosis; Screening.

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