Agronomic evaluation of Arachis pintoi (Krap. and Greg.) germplasm in Florida

Evaluación agronómica de germoplasma de Arachis pintoi en Florida

 

 

Carvalho, M.A.^1* and Quesenberry, K.H.²

¹Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation (Embrapa). Embrapa Cerrados. Planaltina, DF. Brazil. ^*marcelo@cpac.embrapa.br
²University of Florida. Agronomy Department. Gainesville. Florida. USA.

This work was funded partially by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), a foundation linked to the Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT), to support Brazilian research, and the Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation (Embrapa).

 

 

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SUMMARY

Arachis pintoi germplasm displayed great variability with respect to adaptation, dry matter yield, nutritive value, seed production, and nematode reaction. Average forage dry matter yield (FDMY) during the year 2003 was 4.35 Mg/ ha, and ranged from zero to 9.10 Mg/ha. Crude protein andin vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were high and confirmed the fact that A. pintoi has excellent nutritive value. Average CP was 180 g/kg of DM and ranged from 130 to 220 g/kg of DM. IVOMD averaged 670 g/kg of DM and ranged from 600 to 730 g/kg of DM. Some accessions produced high seed yields reaching values above 1 Mg/ha, 18 and 30 months after sowing. The average seed production was 0.32 Mg/ha in 2003, and 0.43 Mg/ha in 2004. Overall, accessions PI 604817, 497574, 604815, 604810, 604808, and 604857 were the best adapted to the north central Florida environment and with the best agronomic characteristics. This research strength that general conclusions about the adaptation and agronomic value of a species to a particular environment should not be based on a single or a few germplasm lines.

Key words: Tropical legume. Dry matter yield. Seed production. Nutritive value.

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RESUMEN

El germoplasma de Arachis pintoi muestra una gran variabilidad con respecto a la adaptación, producción de materia seca, valor nutritivo, producción de semillas, y la reacción a los nematodos. El rendimiento medio de materia seca de forraje (FDMY) durante el año 2003 fue de 4,35 Mg/ha, y osciló entre cero y 9,10 Mg/ha. La proteína bruta y la digestibilidad in vitro de la materia orgánica (IVOMD) fueron altas confirmando que A. pintoi tiene excelente valor nutritivo. La proteína bruta promedio fue de 180 g/kg de MS y osciló entre 130 a 220 g/kg de MS. La IVOMD fue de 670 g/kg de MS, promedio y osciló entre 600 y 730 g/kg de MS. Algunas cepas de semillas de alto rendimiento alcanzaron valores superiores a 1 Mg/ha, 18 y 30 meses después de la siembra. El promedio de producción de semillas fue 0,32 Mg/ha en 2003, y 0,43 Mg/ha en 2004. En general, las cepas PI 604817, 497574, 604815, 604810, 604808 y 604857 fueron las que mejor se adaptaron al medio ambiente de la zona norte-centro de Florida siendo las de mejores características agronómicas. Este estudio demuestra, que en general las conclusiones sobre la adaptación y el valor agronómico de una especie a un medio ambiente no deben estar basadas en una o unas pocas líneas de germoplasma.

Palabras clave: Leguminosa tropical. Materia seca. Producción de semillas. Valor nutritivo del forage.

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Introduction

Agronomic evaluation is a very important step in germplasm characterization programs. Although molecular and morphological characteristics are relevant, plant breeders and ultimately producers have their attention focused on the potential of the plant to grow well in their environment and to produce forage, grain, or other economic products. Thus, agronomic evaluation will always be a key component in selection and breeding programs.

When evaluating a species outside its original environment, it is important to assess its adaptation to the new ecosystem. Emphasis must be given to how soils, climate, and rainfall conditions will impact the growth of this new species. Along with adaptation, several agronomic characteristics can be measured. The importance of each variable will be defined by the use of the plant and by the environment where it will be cultivated. In the case of a forage crop such as Arachis pintoi growing in a subtropical environment like Florida, forage yield, forage nutritive value, seed production and winter survival are some of the characteristics that should be evaluated.

Arachis pintoi is native of and well adapted to certain tropical environments. According to Pizarro and Rincón (1994), A. pintoi was evaluated by the International Tropical Pastures Evaluation Network (RIEPT) in Brazil, Uruguay, Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela under savanna and humid tropical conditions. They concluded that it presented a wide range of adaptation and grows best under humid tropical conditions with total annual rainfall ranging from 2000 to 4000 mm.

Pizarro and Rincón (1994), however, reported that plants growing in a subtropical environment in Pelotas-Brazil, exposed to severe frosts (temperature < 0^oC), presented a reduced growth. However these conditions did not result in a drastic reduction of the plant stands. In fact, plants recovered after the return of warm and rainy conditions.

The literature has abundant A. pintoi forage yield data collected in the tropics. In evaluations performed in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru, accession CIAT 17434 produced between 0 and 2.7 Mg/ha of dry matter (DM) during the rainy season and 0.04 to 2.8 Mg/ha during the dry season with a growing period of 12 weeks (Pizarro and Rincón, 1994). In Costa Rica, Argel and Valerio (1993) reported forage yields of 7, 12 and 7 Mg/ha of dry matter for accessions CIAT 17434, 18744, and 18748, with 20 months of growth in Guapiles and San Isidro. In Puerto Rico, forage dry matter yields of 2.1 Mg/ha were harvested 16 weeks after planting from the accession CIAT 17434 (Argel, 1994).

As stated before, the literature has several examples of research work done in the past where agronomic characterization of Arachis pintoi was the primary goal. However, most of this work was done with a single germplasm accession, that latter was released as commercial cultivars in several different countries. These studies also have in common the fact that most of them where carried out in tropical regions. Therefore, there is a lack of information about other accessions of A. pintoi stored in germplasm banks, and there are little or no existing data regarding the performance of the same germplasm in subtropical conditions.

The goal of this research was to evaluate the agronomic adaptation, forage yield, forage nutritive value and seed yield of several A. pintoi germplasm accessions stored at the USDA-NPGS germplasm bank.

 

Material and methods

THE GERMPLASM

Accessions of A. pintoi stored in the Southern Regional Plant Introduction Station of the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) located at Griffin, Georgia were transferred to the University of Florida in 2001 and 2002. A list of these accessions with information related to the respective PI numbers and sites of collection is presented in table I.

 

 

ADAPTATION AND FORAGE DRY MATTER YIELD

In September 2001, 4 m² (2 mx2m) field plots of the original 24 accessions were established with four rooted cuttings in a randomized complete block design with two replications at the Agronomy Department Forage Research Unit of the University of Florida near Gainesville. The experiment was located on a Pomona sand (siliceous, Hyperthermic Typic Psammaquents- Entisol) soil type, a flatwood soil characteristic of north central Florida. The soil was prepared by disking and 190 kg/ha of 0-1020 fertilizer was applied and incorporated into the soil. Arachis glabrata Florigraze and Arbrook were used as local standards and were also planted following the same scheme.

During the years 2001, 2002, and 2003 plots were maintained with periodical hand weeding and applications of the herbicide Cadre (Imazapic), in accordance with the recommended dosage for cultivated peanut (100 g/ha). Annual applications of 800 kg/ ha of 0-10-20 were made in May 2002 and 2003.

Visual evaluations were made following the winter 2001/2002. In these evaluations number of plants per plot, plant survival and rate of spread were assessed. Plant survival was expressed as percentage of total plants alive and rate of spread in accordance with a scale of 1 to 5 (1 < 10% plot coverage, 2= 20%, 3= 30%, 4= 40%, and 5 > 50% plot coverage). These parameters were intended as indications of adaptation and winter survival. Average annual temperature and rainfall data during the experimental period is presented in table II. No dry matter harvest was made in 2002.

 

 

Forage dry matter yield (FDMY) was estimated on three dates during 2003, with an interval of 8 weeks between harvests. These dates were June 13^th (Harvest 1), August 13^th (Harvest 2), and October 21^st (Harvest 3). To estimate FDMY a sample of 0.25 m² was harvested at ground level using battery-powered hand clippers as a cutting tool. Pintoi peanut and weeds were manually separated and the samples were placed in a 65^oC forced-air drier for 72 h. Dry weight was measured using a digital scale. Plot borders were uniformly cut at soil level with a rotary lawn mowing tractor after each harvest.

FDMY was analyzed with Proc GLM of SAS (SAS, 1989) using the following model:

Where:

μ= mean;
B_l= block effect;
A_j= accession effect;
e_lj= experimental error.

LSD at 5% significance level was used as the mean separation test.

This same model was used for forage nutritive value and seed production.

FORAGE NUTRITIVE VALUE

Forage samples harvested on August 13^th 2003 were ground in a Wiley Mill, to pass through a 1 mm screen. This ground tissue was analyzed for crude protein and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD).

The nitrogen (N) analysis started with sample digestion using a modification of the aluminum block digestion procedure (Gallaher et al., 1975). In this procedure samples of 0.25 g and catalyst of 1.5 g of 9:1 K2SO₄:CuSO₄ were used during a 4 h digestion at 375^oC using 6 mL of H₂SO₄ and 2 mL of H₂O₂. Digestate was then filtrated and N was determined by semiautomated colorimetry (Hambleton, 1977).

IVOMD was performed by a modified two-stage technique (Moore and Mott, 1974). Both crude protein and IVOMD were expressed on an organic matter basis.

SEED PRODUCTION

In February 2003 and 2004 plots were sampled to assess seed production. Single samples were taken in each plot using a soil core sampler of 12.5 cm diameter and 24 cm depth (0.01227 m³). The soil was screened on a sieve with a 0.6 x 0.6 cm mesh to remove the pods from the soil. The pods were then dried at room temperature for 6 weeks and weighed. Calculations were made to extrapolate the values in terms of production per hectare.

 

Results and discussion

ADAPTATION AND FORAGE DRY MATTER YIELD

The evaluations performed in 2002, eight, eleven, and twelve months after planting, revealed that although A. pintoi presented great reduction of green tissue during the winter, most plants did not die, and in fact, they fully recovered when the temperature warmed up and soil moisture increased (table III). During the 2001/2002 winter, temperatures reached 0^oC or less on 24 different occasions.

 

 

The average plant survival (PS%) in Evaluation 1 was 79%, which shows that A. pintoi can tolerate winters where freezing and frosting are normal occurrences. However, when rate of spread (RS) was analyzed, most of the accessions were covering less than 50% of the plot area. Cultivars Florigraze and Arbrook presented 100% of plant survival, but they also covered less than 50% of the plot area.

This same trend was displayed in Evaluations 2 and 3, where average plant survival recorded was superior to 80% and plot coverage inferior to 50%. Actuality, this is one of the biggest problems that A. pintoi and also A. glabrata display, the fact that both species required a long period to establish themselves and cover the area where they were planted.

Even with general small plot cover, differences among accessions were noted regarding plant survival and plot coverage, which is an indication of variation in adaptation to the north Florida environment. Accessions PI 497574, 604798, 604800, 604803, 604807, 604814, 604817, and 604857 were the ones that appeared better adapted, with values of plant survival and rate of spread superior to the others.

Pizarro and Rincón (1994) affirmed that A. pintoi slow establishment is a limitation to adoption as producers want to see quick results. They suggested that when seeds are used as the propagation material the establishment time is shortened compared to vegetative propagation. French et al. (1994) stated that although adequate establishment has been achieved in Florida with rhizoma peanut (A. glabrata) in a single year, a typical planting demands 2 to 3 yr for full development. Cook et al. (1994) agreed with the authors previously cited. They believe that the major constraint to farmer acceptance of these species is the complexity and cost of establishment.

Slow establishment is particularly significant where weed pressure is high. This fact will require extra resources to assure an adequate initial coverage that will extend the period of utilization of the pasture or hay field. Research is necessary to determine the best planting method, using the different factors that could result in a fast and inexpensive pasture establishment.

A careful analysis of these evaluations demonstrates that there are large differences among accessions in relation to environmental adaptation. Accessions PI 604801, 604804, 604812, 604814, and 604859, presented small plot coverage in each one of the three evalutions.

Forage dry matter yield (FDMY) was assessed three times during summer 2003 with an 8-week interval between harvests. Significant differences (p<0.01) were present among accessions in all three FDMY harvests, indicating that accessions showed variability in their environmental adaptation, an attribute that will consequently impact their forage production potential.

Forage dry matter yield at each harvest date in 2003 is presented in the table IV. A large amount of variability was present among these A. pintoi accessions with respect to their FDMY. The average FDMY at harvest 1 was 1.34 Mg/ha, ranging from 0.06 to 2.86 Mg/ha. More than half of the accessions presented superior performance producing above the average, but accessions PI 604801, 604804, 604812, and 604814 had very low yields. These low yields are a reflection of poor plot coverage for these accessions. In comparison, accessions PI 604817, 604815, 604803, 604808, 604810, 604857, and 497574 were the most productive, showing no differences in FDMY to the rhizoma peanut cultivars.

 

 

At harvest 2, the average FDMY of A. pintoi germplasm showed a 20% increase reaching 1.62 Mg/ha. Accessions PI 604804 and 604814 showed no production, which reflects small plot coverage and poor adaptation to the north Florida environment. Here once more, half of the accessions presented superior performance with FDMY above the average. Accessions PI 604817 and 497574 were the most productive, showing no difference to Arbrook, which produced 4.75 Mg/ha. Florigraze however, was intermediate in FDMY and similar to a group of A. pintoi accessions. This is somewhat surprising, since it is regarded by many as the most adapted and productive of the rhizoma peanut cultivars.

Harvest 3 presented mean FDMY of 1.39 Mg/ha, which corresponded to a drop of about 20% in relation to the preceding harvest. Arbrook and Florigraze exhibited a 50% reduction in FDMY compared to previous period. A. pintoi germplasm also exhibited this reduction, however in a lower degree. This reduction in FDMY could represent a change in nutrient partitioning as a process to overcome restriction in growth due to the shortening days in autumn. Accessions PI 604817, 497574, 604815, and 604857 had the highest FDMY and were significantly higher than Florigraze and Arbrook rhizoma peanut.

Annual average FDMY for A. pintoi accessions was 4.36 Mg/ha (table III). Arbrook produced 9.67 Mg/ha and was the most productive. Accessions PI 604817, 497574, 604815, 604810, 604808, and 604857 were the most productive among the A. pintoi germplasm and were not different from Arbrook.

Several A. pintoi accessions yielded more than 5 Mg/ha which can be considered a satisfactory legume production in north central Florida. In fact, this number is similar to yields displayed by other warm-season legumes used in Florida, and even could be compared to A. pintoi or others legume species yields obtained in tropical regions.

Kretschmer and Wilson (1988) reported 3-year average FDMY for Desmodium heterocarpon Florida, Macroptilium atropurpureum Siratro, and Arachis kretschmeri Pantanal of the order of 2.97, 2.39, and 1.16 Mg/ha respectively. Annual yields of Stylosanthes guianensis Savanna, Alysicarpus vaginalis and Indigofera hirsuta. Flamingo ranged from 5 to7 Mg/ha, in plantings at Brooksville, FL during years 1989 and 1990 (Williams et al., 1993).Mislevy and Martin (2001) reported similar annual FDMY (5.70 Mg/ha) for Aeschynomene evenia at Ona, FL.

In tropical areas, comparable yields were presented by Souza et al. (1992) who evaluated Stylosanthes and Centrosema germplasm in central Brazil. Average FDMY of 1.50 Mg/ha were harvested in a 12-wk growing period during the summers of 1989 and 1990. Pizarro et al. (1996) reported annual FDMY of Calopogonium mucunoides of the order of 1.72 Mg/ha in research conducted at several different locations in South America.

Data from diverse agronomic characterization of A. pintoi are also similar to those presented in this work. Argel and Pizarro (1992) stated that cv. Amarillo produced 2.30 Mg/ha in Planaltina, Brazil, during the rainy season. In Australia, Cook et al. (1990) stated that Amarillo yielded 6.50 and 7.30 Mg/ha/yr in unirrigated and irrigated conditions respectively. Also in Australia, Cook et al. (1994) presented average annual yields of 5.80 Mg/ha for Amarillo in two years of evaluation.

FORAGE NUTRITIVE VALUE

Crude protein and IVOMD values of A. pintoi accessions from this research confirm those reported in the literature, and support the information that this species produces high nutritive value forage. The results endorse the claim of some that A. pintoi could be considered a tropical alfalfa (table V).

 

 

Average crude protein concentration across A. pintoi accessions was 180 g/kg ranging from 139 (PI 604800) to 225 g/kg (PI 604858). Florigraze CP was 172 g/kg while that of Arbrook was 153 g/kg. When CP of the A. pintoi germplasm was compared to the rhizoma peanut cultivars, the majority of the accessions demonstrated higher values than either rhizoma peanut cultivars.

Average IVOMD of the A. pintoi germplasm was 670 g/kg, and ranged from 600 to 730 g/kg. Accession PI 604812 had the lowest value, while PI 604801 was the highest. Florigraze presented the highest IVOMD value (740 g/kg), however several A. pintoi accessions were not different from it.

CP and IVOMD displayed in this research could be considered high and comparable to those reported for A. pintoi in other investigations. Average values of CP in the leaves of accession CIAT 17434 varied from 122 to 218 g/kg in Colombia, during dry and rainy seasons, respectively. In stems the same accession presented values of 93 and 135 g/kg during the same seasons (Argel and Pizarro, 1992). In Brazil, Purcino and Viana (1994) reported total-herbage CP values of 183, 157 and 161 g/kg, for accessions BRA-013251 (PI 338447), BRA015253 (PI 604859) and BRA-015598 (PI 604815), respectively. Rincon et al. (1992) reported CP values for the whole plant of 130 and 180 g/kg, during the dry and rainy season, respectively. Average values of IVOMD during the same periods were 67 and 62 g/kg.

Average IVOMD of 168 days growth forage from three A. pintoi accessions in Brazil was 610 g/kg (Pizarro et al., 1992). In Australia, Amarillo IVDMD was 730 g/kg in 2 yr of evaluation (Cook et al., 1994).

SEED PRODUCTION

Another important factor for which genetic variability should be investigated is seed production. In February 2003 and 2004, respectively, 18 and 30 mo after planting, samples were collected in each plot to assess this trait.

In 2003, the average seed production was 0.32 Mg/ha, ranging from zero to 2 Mg/ ha (table VI). Only 60% of the A. pintoi germplasm yielded seeds, however, if we consider only those accessions with production above 0.1 Mg/ha this number falls below 50%. Accession PI 604857 was the most productive yielding 2 Mg/ha.

 

 

In 2004, with the exception of three accessions, all accession produced seeds. The average seed production was higher than the previous year reaching 0.43 Mg/ ha, ranging from zero to 1.58 Mg/ha (table V). In general, yields of most accessions increased compared to 2003 evaluation. Exceptions were PI 604803, 604809, 604815, and 604857. Curiously, these accessions were among the most productive in 2003. Although 87% of the accessions produced some seeds, six of then yielded less than 0.10 Mg/ha, amount that would not be useful for commercial harvest. PI 604799 had the highest yield (1.58 Mg/ha) in 2004 although it was intermediate in seed yield in 2003.

Seed production obtained in this research for some of the accessions was comparable to that obtained by other authors working with A. pintoi in tropical conditions. For legumes this trait has particular importance because it can be related to persistence. A species with high seed production capacity may have an advantage over one lacking this characteristic, because in theory, pasture establishment by seeds is simpler and cheaper than when vegetative material is used. Also, plants established by seeds will grow faster (Baruch and Fisher, 1992), and consequently will have higher ground covered area. A. pintoi has also a notable characteristic that differentiates it from other legumes in relation to seed production, in that the seeds are located below ground.

As previously stated, yields in this research were comparable to others found in the literature. Cook and Franklin (1988) reported mechanized harvest yield for Amarillo in Australia of 1.40 Mg/ha 12 mo after planting. In other work, seed yield of Amarillo in Australia reached an average production of 2.80 Mg/ha (Cook and Loch, 1993).

In a Costa Rica location with 4260 mm annual rainfall, Diulgheroff et al. (1990) obtained seed yields of 1.95 Mg/ha, 12 months after sowing the cv. Maní Forrajero perenne. Also in Costa Rica, Argel and Valerio (1993) reported average yields of 0.59, 0.54, 0.50, and 0.52 Mg/ha over the accessions CIAT 17434 , 18744, and 18748, at 8, 12, 16, and 20 mo after sowing, respectively. Rincon et al. (1992) stated that seed yields of 2 Mg/ha were obtained for cv. Maní Forrajero perenne in mixed pasture with Brachiaria under grazing. This supports the idea of excellent persistence potential for A. pintoi due to seedling recruitment.

 

Conclusions

Arachis pintoi germplasm displayed large variability with respect to its adaptation, dry matter yield, nutritive value and seed production.

Annual average dry matter yield for some A. pintoi accessions was close to the forage production presented by both rhizoma peanut cultivars. Crude protein and IVOMD were high and confirmed the fact that A. pintoi has superior nutritive value.

Some accessions produce elevated seed yields reaching values superior to 1 Mg/ha 18 and 30 mo after sowing, which would give a pintoi peanut cultivar a great advantage over a rhizoma peanut cultivar, in terms of pasture establishment and seedling recruitment, if similar forage yields and persistence were present.

The information generated by this research reaffirms once more for plant selectors and plant breeders that conclusions about a species genetic diversity, adaptation to environments, and agronomic characteristics must not be based on a single or small number of germplasm accessions. This information will also be useful for genetic resources management, germplasm selection and plant breeding programs, and genetic studies in general. Ultimately, this work will contribute for the utilization of the genetic resources of A. pintoi stored in the germplasm banks.

 

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Recibido: 10-6-09
Aceptado: 12-5-10