EDITORIAL

 

Un estrepitoso caso de fraude científico

A flagrant case of scientific fraud

 

 

E. Fernández Mondéjar^a y Hugo Ceraso^b

^aDirector de Medicina Intensiva, Servicio de Cuidados Críticos y Urgencias, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, España
^bRedactor Jefe de Medicina Intensiva, Unidad de Terapia Intensiva, Hospital Juan A. Fernández, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Dirección para correspondencia

 

 

El fraude científico existe y aunque no conocemos su frecuencia, se sospecha que es muy superior a la que se detecta.

Recientemente se ha detectado un caso con una enorme trascendencia y ha obligado a la retirada de 88 artículos publicados por el doctor Joachim Blodt en revistas internacionales (Anexo 1). El detonante fue una serie de cartas-denuncia tras la publicación de un artículo (Joachim Boldt, Stephan Suttner, Christian Brosch, Andreas Lehmann, Kerstin Röhm, and Andinet Mengistu. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2009;109:1752-1762), basadas en la sospecha de fabricación fraudulenta de datos, lo que originó una investigación y una serie de peticiones de pruebas al Dr. Boldt a las que no contestó y por tanto no pudo refutar la acusación de fraude en los datos. La investigación se extendió a otras publicaciones en las que aparecía como primer firmante o coautor con el resultado que antes he mencionado de la retirada de 88 artículos, todos del ámbito de la medicina intensiva y de anestesia.

La causa fundamental de la denuncia realizada por Steven L. Shafer director editorial de Anesthesia & Analgesia ha sido la falta de su aprobación por el Comité Ético, en su caso el Landesärztekammer Rheinland-Pfalz, la falta de aleatorización y de la firma del consentimiento informado por parte de los pacientes. Estas publicaciones han sido consideradas no éticas ya que la alusión en las mismas a este comité fue falsificada. Actualmente hay un comité de investigación que está analizando los datos de los que dispone su institución para verificar si además de falsificar la aprobación del Landesärztekammer Rheinland-Pfalz, los datos de los artículos confirman sus resultados. Aunque hay informaciones que avalarían tanto la ausencia de aleatorización de pacientes como la falsificación de determinados datos, se está a la espera de los resultados de la investigación en curso para aclarar la magnitud del fraude, que incluso podría tener consecuencias penales, como ya ha sucedido en Massachusetts con el especialista en dolor Scott Reuben quien estuvo preso seis meses.

Este desagradable asunto tiene aspectos morbosos que no queremos alimentar pero consideramos que su trascendencia justifica la difusión para el conocimiento de los lectores de Medicina Intensiva.

Queremos aprovechar la ocasión para hacer algunas consideraciones que por sabidas, no dejan de ser pertinentes, especialmente en este momento. Me refiero a los motivos, siempre injustificables, que pueden inducir a casos como el que estamos tratando. La necesidad de mantener el prestigio y alimentar el ego de los investigadores puede ser un aliciente para estás prácticas fraudulentas pero también hay motivos más terrenales como la necesidad de currículo y de obtención de resultados que permitan mantener o conseguir ayudas institucionales para dar continuidad al trabajo de muchos investigadores. Otro elemento a considerar es sin duda la implicación de compañías con enormes intereses económicos que pueden enturbiar la relación entre científicos y empresas. En este caso el Dr. Bolt, cuyo estudio versa sobre hidroxietil almidón, tiene conflictos de interés con varias empresas productoras del fármaco. Esta relación, que por otra parte es imprescindible y está fuertemente incentivada por las administraciones sanitarias, se sustenta en un frágil equilibrio que ha de tener como objetivo irrenunciable la búsqueda de la verdad. No obstante este objetivo es en ocasiones ambiguo ya que existen matices, probablemente justificados por la falta de uniformidad biológica que hace que lo que funciona en determinadas circunstancias, en otras no lo hace, pero se tiende a la generalización.

Es importante señalar que el fraude científico no solo daña la credibilidad de la publicación que aceptó el manuscrito, también daña a los lectores que pueden llegar a cambiar sus prácticas médicas utilizando las conclusiones del estudio fraudulento y de esta forma termina dañando a los pacientes.

Como resumen, el caso que mostramos ha de servir para reforzarnos en nuestra exigencia de transparencia y de un exquisito seguimiento formal de normas éticas que siempre son la mejor garantía de la calidad de la investigación.

Anexo I

Relación de artículos retirados:

A.1. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica

- Mengistu AM, Mayer J, Boldt J, Röhm KD. Whole-blood aggregometry: are there any limits with regard to platelet counts? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2009;53:72-76.

- Röhm KD, Piper SN, Suttner S, Schuler S, Boldt J. Early recovery, cognitive function and costs of a desflurane inhalational vs. a total intravenous anaesthesia regimen in long-term surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 2006;50:14-18.

- Boldt J, Kumle B, Suttner S, Haisch G. Point-of-care (POC) testing of lactate in the intensive care patient. Accuracy, reliability, and costs of different measurement systems. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001;45:194-199.

A.2. Anaesthesia

- Röhm KD, Riechmann J, Boldt J, Schuler S, Suttner SW, Piper SN. Physostigmine for the prevention of postanaesthetic shivering following general anaesthesia - a placebo-controlled comparison with nefopam. Anaesthesia. 2005;60:433-438.

- Piper SN, Röhm KD, Suttner SW, Maleck WH, Kranke P, Boldt J. A comparison of nefopam and clonidine for the prevention of postanaesthetic shivering: a comparative, double-blind and placebo-controlled doseranging study. Anaesthesia. 2004;59:559-564.

- Roehm KD, Piper SN, Maleck WH, Boldt J. Prevention of propofol-induced injection pain by remifentanil: a placebo-controlled comparison with lidocaine. Anaesthesia. 2003;58:165-170.

- Piper SN, Kumle B, Maleck WH, Suttner SW, Fent MT, Boldt J. Effects of postoperative sedation with propofol and midazolam on pancreatic function assessed by pancreatitis-associated protein. Anaesthesia. 2001;56:836-840.

- Piper SN, Suttner SW, Schmidt CC, Kumle B, Maleck WH, Boldt J. Acute phase response to nitroprussideinduced controlled hypotension in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Anaesthesia. 2000;55:131-136.

- Piper SN, Suttner SW, Schmidt CC, Maleck WH, Kumle B, Boldt J. Nefopam and clonidine in the prevention of postanaesthetic shivering. Anaesthesia. 1999;54:695-699.

A.3. Anästhesiolgie Intensivmedizin Notfallmedizin Schmerztherapie

- Triem JG, Röhm KD, Boldt J, Piper SN. Comparison of a propofol-based anesthesia regimen using optimated-target-controlled-infusion (OTCI) and manually-controlled infusion (MCI) technique. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2006;41:150-155.

- Piper SN, Triem JG, Röhm KD, Maleck WH, Schöllhorn TA, Boldt J. ProSeal-laryngeal mask versus endotracheal intubation in patients undergoing gynaecologic laparoscopy. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2004;39:132-137.

- Piper SN, Haisch G, Kumle B, Walz GA, Breining T, Mattinger P, Boldt J. Effects of esmolol- and sodium nitroprusside-induced controlled hypotension on hepatocellular integrity in patients undergoing endonasal sinus surgery. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2003;38:781-786.

- Röhm KD, Piper SN, Schöllhorn TA, Suttner SW, Maleck WH, Boldt J. [Injection pain secondary to propofol-MCT/LCT and propofol-LCT-comparison of prophylaxis with lidocaine. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2003;38:643-647.

- Piper SN, Kumle B, Röhm KD, Suttner SW, Lang J, Blome M, Boldt J. Influence of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on the natriuretic peptides ANP and BNP. A comparison between long and short duration of CPB and off pump surgery. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2003;38:463-469.

- Piper SN, Röhm KD, Papsdorf M, Maleck WH, Mattinger P, Boldt J. Dolasetron reduces pain on injection of propofol. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2002;37:528-531.

A.4. Anesthesia & Analgesia

- Riesmeier A, Schellhaass A, Boldt J, Suttner S. Crystalloid/colloid versus crystalloid intravascular volume administration before spinal anesthesia in elderly patients: the influence on cardiac output and stroke volume. Anesth Analg. 2009;108:650-654.

- Boldt J, Brosch Ch, Röhm K, Lehmann A, Mengistu A, Suttner S. Is albumin administration in hypoalbuminemic elderly cardiac surgery patients of benefit with regard to inflammation, endothelial activation, and long-term kidney function? Anesth Analg. 2008;107:1496-1503.

- Mayer J, Boldt J, Wolf MW, Lang J, Suttner S. Cardiac output derived from arterial pressure waveform analysis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: validity of a second generation device. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:867-872.

- Mengistu AM, Röhm KD, Boldt J, Mayer J, Suttner SW, Piper SN. The influence of aprotinin and tranexamic acid on platelet function and postoperative blood loss in cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2008;107:391-397.

- Boldt J, Wolf M, Mengistu A. A new plasma-adapted hydroxyethylstarch preparation: in vitro coagulation studies using thrombelastography and whole blood aggregometry. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:425-430.

- Mayer J, Boldt J, Schellhaass A, Hiller B, Suttner SW. Bispectral index-guided general anesthesia in combination with thoracic epidural analgesia reduces recovery time in fast-track colon surgery. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:1145-1149.

- Boldt J, Schölhorn T, Mayer J, Piper S, Suttner S. The value of an albumin-based intravascular volume replacement strategy in elderly patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2006;103:191-199.

- Mayer J, Boldt J, Röhm KD, Scheuermann K, Suttner SW. Desflurane anesthesia after sevoflurane inhaled induction reduces severity of emergence agitation in children undergoing minor ear-nose-throat surgery compared with sevoflurane induction and maintenance. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:400-404.

- Suttner S, Lang K, Piper SN, Schultz H, Röhm KD, Boldt J. Continuous intra- and postoperative thoracic epidural analgesia attenuates brain natriuretic peptide release after major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:896-903.

- Boldt J, Brosch C, Lehmann A, Suttner S, Isgro F. The prophylactic use of the beta-blocker esmolol in combination with phosphodiesterase III inhibitor enoximone in elderly cardiac surgery patients. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:1009-1017.

- Suttner S, Piper SN, Kumle B, Lang K, Röhm KD, Isgro F, Boldt J. The influence of allogeneic red blood cell transfusion compared with 100% oxygen ventilation on systemic oxygen transport and skeletal muscle oxygen tension after cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:2-11.

- Boldt J, Brenner T, Lang J, Kumle B, Isgro F. Kidney-specific proteins in elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:1582-1589.

- Lehmann A, Karzau J, Boldt J, Thaler E, Lang J, Isgro F. Bispectral index-guided anesthesia in patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass grafting. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:336-343.

- Boldt J, Haisch G, Suttner S, Kumle B, Schellhase F. Are lactated Ringer's solution and normal saline solution equal with regard to coagulation? Anesth Analg. 2002;94:378-384.

- Lehmann A, Boldt J, Thaler E, Piper S, Weisse U. Bispectral index in patients with target-controlled or manually-controlled infusion of propofol. Anesth Analg. 2002;95:639-644.

- Piper SN, Röhm KD, Maleck WH, Fent MT, Suttner SW, Boldt J. Dolasetron for preventing postanesthetic shivering. Anesth Analg. 2002;94:106-111.

- Lang K, Boldt J, Suttner S, Haisch G. Colloids versus crystalloids and tissue oxygen tension in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2001;93:405-409.

- Haisch G, Boldt J, Krebs C, Kumle B, Suttner S, Schulz A. The influence of intravascular volume therapy with a new hydroxyethyl starch preparation (6% HES 130/0.4) on coagulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2001;92:565-571.

- Piper SN, Maleck WH, Boldt J, Suttner SW, Schmidt CC, Reich DG. A comparison of urapidil, clonidine, meperidine and placebo in preventing postanesthetic shivering. Anesth Analg. 2000;90:954-957.

- Suttner SW, Schmidt CC, Boldt J, Hüttner I, Kumle B, Piper SN. Low-flow desflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia minimally affect hepatic integrity and function in elderly patients. Anesth Analg. 2000;91:206-212.

- Suttner S, Boldt J, Schmidt C, Piper S, Kumle B. Cost analysis of target-controlled infusion-based anesthesia compared with standard anesthesia regimens. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:77-82.

- Suttner SW, Boldt J, Schmidt CC, Piper SN, Schuster P, Kumle B. The effects of sodium nitroprussideinduced hypotension on splanchnic perfusion and hepatocellular integrity. Anesth Analg. 1999;89:1371-1377.

A.5. Anesthesiology

- Suttner SW, Lang K, Boldt J, Kumle B, Maleck WH, Piper SN. The influence of hyperoxic ventilation during sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension on skeletal muscle tissue oxygen tension. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:1103-1108.

A.6. Annals of Thoracic Surgery

- Kumle B, Boldt J, Suttner SW, Piper SN, Lehmann A, Blome M. Influence of prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass times on splanchnic perfusion and markers of splanchnic organ function. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75:1558-1564.

- Boldt J, Brosch C, Lehmann A, Haisch G, Lang J, Isgro F. Prophylactic use of pentoxifylline on inflammation in elderly cardiac surgery patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71:1524-1529.

A.7. British Journal of Anaesthesia

- Mayer J, Boldt J, Beschmann R, Stephan A, Suttner S. Uncalibrated arterial pressure waveform analysis for less-invasive cardiac output determination in obese patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2009;103:185-190.

- Suttner S, Boldt J, Mengistu A, Lang K, Mayer J. Influence of continuous perioperative beta-blockade in combination with phosphodiesterase inhibition on haemodynamics and myocardial ischaemia in high-risk vascular surgery patients. Br J Anaesth. 2009;102:597-607.

- Boldt J, Suttner S, Brosch C, Lehmann A, Mengistu A. Influence on coagulation of a potato-derived hydroxethylstarch (HES 130/0.42) and a maize-derived hydroxethylstarch (HES 130/0.4) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2009;102:191-197.

- Boldt J, Brosch Ch, Röhm K, Papsdorf M, Mengistu A. Comparison of the effects of gelatin and a modern hydroxyethyl starch solution on renal function and inflammatory response in elderly cardiac surgery patients. Br J Anaesth. 2008;100:457-464.

- Mayer J, Boldt J, Schöllhorn T, Röhm KD, Mengistu AM, Suttner S. Semi-invasive monitoring of cardiac output by a new device using arterial pressure waveform analysis: a comparison with intermittent pulmonary artery thermodilution in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2007;98:176-182.

- Piper SN, Röhm KD, Boldt J, Faust KL, Maleck WH, Kranke P, Suttner SW. Inspired oxygen fraction of 0.8 compared with 0.4 does not further reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting in dolasetron-treated patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Anaesth. 2006;97:647-653.

- Boldt J, Haisch G, Suttner S, Kumle B, Schellhaass A. Effects of a new modified, balanced hydroxyethyl starch preparation (Hextend) on measures of coagulation. Br J Anaesth. 2002;89:722-728.

- Boldt J, Hüttner I, Suttner S, Kumle B, Piper SN, Berchthold G. Changes of haemostasis in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery-is there a difference between elderly and younger patients? Br J Anaesth. 2001;87:435-440.

- Suttner SW, Piper SN, Lang K, Hüttner I, Kumle B, Boldt J. Cerebral effects and blood sparing efficiency of sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension alone and in combination with acute normovolaemic haemodilution. Br J Anaesth. 2001;87:699-705.

- Hüttner I, Boldt J, Haisch G, Suttner S, Kumle B, Schulz H. Influence of different colloids on molecular markers of haemostasis and platelet function in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85:417-423.

- Boldt J, Weber A, Mailer K, Papsdorf M, Schuster P. Acute normovolaemic haemodilution vs controlled hypotension for reducing the use of allogeneic blood in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Br J Anaesth. 1999;82:170-174.

A.8. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie

- Piper SN, Kumle B, Maleck WH, Kiessling AH, Lehmann A, Röhm KD, Suttner SW, Boldt J. Diltiazem may preserve renal tubular integrity after cardiac surgery. Can J Anesth. 2003;50:285-292.

- Lang K, Suttner S, Boldt J, Kumle B, Nagel D. Volume replacement with HES 130/0.4 may reduce the inflammatory response in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Can J Anesth. 2003;50:1009-1016.

- Piper SN, Suttner SW, Röhm KD, Maleck WH, Larbig E, Boldt J. Dolasetron, but not metoclopramide prevents nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Can J Anesth. 2002;49:1021-1028.

- Piper SN, Fent MT, Röhm KD, Maleck WH, Suttner SW, Boldt J. Urapidil does not prevent postanesthetic shivering: a dose-ranging study. Can J Anesth. 2001;48:742-747.

- Piper SN, Boldt J, Schmidt CC, Maleck WH, Brosch C, Kumle B. Hemodynamics, intramucosal pH and regulators of circulation during perioperative epidural analgesia. Can J Anesth. 2000;47:631-637.

A.9. Critical Care Medicine

- Boldt J, Brosch C, Ducke M, Papsdorf M, Lehmann A. Influence of volume therapy with a modern hydroxyethylstarch preparation on kidney function in cardiac surgery patients with compromised renal function: a comparison with human albumin. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:2740-2746.

- Boldt J, Brosch C, Piper SN, Suttner S, Lehmann A, Werling C. Influence of prophylactic use of pentoxifylline on postoperative organ function in elderly cardiac surgery patients. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:952-958.

A.10. Der Anästhesist

- Triem JG, Röhm KD, Boldt J, Piper SN. Propofol administration systems. Handling, hemodynamics and propofol consumption. Anaesthesist. 2009;58:231-234, 236-239.

- Piper SN, Triem JG, Röhm KD, Kranke P, Maleck WH, Boldt J. Prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting. Randomised comparison of dolasetron versus dolasetron plus dexamethasone. Anaesthesist. 2003;52:120-126.

A.11. European Journal of Anaesthesiology

- Boldt J, Mengistu A. Balanced hydroxyethylstarch preparations: are they all the same? In-vitro thrombelastometry and whole blood aggregometry. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2009;26:1020-1025.

- Mayer J, Boldt J, Triem JG, Schellhaass A, Mengistu AM, Suttner S. Individual titration of propofol plasma target improves anaesthetic stability in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a comparison with manually controlled infusion. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2008;25:741-747.

- Piper SN, Röhm KD, Boldt J, Odermatt B, Maleck WH, Suttner SW. Hepatocellular integrity in patients requiring parenteral nutrition: comparison of structured MCT/LCT vs. a standard MCT/LCT emulsion and a LCT emulsion. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2008;25:557-565.

- Mengistu AM, Wolf MW, Boldt J, Röhm KD, Suttner SW, Piper SN. Influence of controlled hypotension using esmolol and sodium nitroprusside on natriuretic peptides in patients undergoing endonasal sinus surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2007;24:529-534.

- Boldt J, Schöllhorn T, Münchbach J, Pabsdorf M. A total balanced volume replacement strategy using a new balanced hydoxyethyl starch preparation (6% HES 130/0.42) in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2007;24:267-275.

- Röhm KD, Suttner SW, Boldt J, Schöllhorn TA, Piper SN. Insignificant effect of desflurane-fentanylthiopental on hepatocellular integrity--a comparison with total intravenous anaesthesia using propofolremifentanil. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2005;22:209-214.

- Röhm KD, Schöllhorn TA, Gwosdek MJ, Piper SN, Maleck WH, Boldt J. Do we necessarily need local anaesthetics for venous cannulation? A comparison of different cannula sizes. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2004;21:214-216.

- Piper SN, Suttner SW, Maleck WH, Kumle B, Haisch G, Boldt J. Effects of sodium nitroprusside-induced controlled hypotension on pancreatic function assessed by pancreatitis-associated protein in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2002;19:609-613.

- Piper SN, Triem JG, Maleck WH, Fent MT, Hüttner I, Boldt J. Placebo-controlled comparison of dolasetron and metoclopramide in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing hysterectomy. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2001;18:251-256.

A.12. Intensive Care Medicine

- Boldt J, Suttner S, Brosch C, Lehmann A, Röhm K, Mengistu A. The influence of a balanced volume replacement concept on inflammation, endothelial activation, and kidney integrity in elderly cardiac surgery patients. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35:462-470.

- Suttner S, Schöllhorn T, Boldt J, Mayer J, Röhm KD, Lang K, Piper SN. Noninvasive assessment of cardiac output using thoracic electrical bioimpedance in hemodynamically stable and unstable patients after cardiac surgery: a comparison with pulmonary artery thermodilution. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32:2053-2058.

- Boldt J, Ducke M, Kumle B, Papsdorf M, Zurmeyer EL. Influence of different volume replacement strategieson inflammation and endothelial activation in the elderly undergoing major abdominal surgery. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:416-422.

- Boldt J, Brenner T, Lehmann A, Lang J, Kumle B, Werling C. Influence of two different volume replacement regimens on renal function in elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery: comparison of a new starch preparation with gelatin. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29:763-769.

- Boldt J, Brosch C, Suttner S, Piper SN, Lehmann A, Werling C. Prophylactic use of the phospodiesterase III inhibitor enoximone in elderly cardiac surgery patients: effect on hemodynamics, inflammation, and markers of organ function. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:1462-1469.

A.13. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia

- Mengistu AM, Mayer J, Boldt J, Röhm KD, Suttner SW. Usefulness of monitoring platelet function by multiple electrode aggregometry in primary coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2011;25:42-47.

- Boldt J, Mayer J, Brosch C, Lehmann A, Mengistu A. Volume replacement with a balanced hydroxyethyl starch (HES) preparation in cardiac surgery patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2010;24:399-407.

- Boldt J, Mengistu A. A new plasma-adapted hydroxyethyl starch preparation: in vitro coagulation studies. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2010;24:394-398.

- Mengistu AM, Wolf MW, Boldt J, Röhm KD, Lang J, Piper SN. Evaluation of a new platelet function analyzer in cardiac surgery: a comparison of modified thromboelastography and whole-blood aggregometry. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2008;22:40-46.

- Lehmann A, Boldt J, Römpert R, Thaler E, Kumle B, Weisse U. Target-controlled infusion or manually controlled infusion of propofol in high-risk patients with severely reduced left ventricular function. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2001;15:445-450.

- Haisch G, Boldt J, Krebs C, Suttner S, Lehmann A, Isgro F. Influence of a new hydroxyethylstarch preparation (HES 130/0.4) on coagulation in cardiac surgical patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2001;15:316-321.

- Heck M, Kumle B, Boldt J, Lang J, Lehmann A, Saggau W. Electroencephalogram bispectral index predicts hemodynamic and arousal reactions during induction of anesthesia in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2000;14:693-697.

- Lehmann A, Zeitler C, Thaler E, Isgro F, Boldt J. Comparison of two different anesthesia regimens in patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass grafting surgery: sufentanil-midazolam versus remifentanil-propofol. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2000;14:416-420.

- Piper SN, Boldt J, Schmidt CC, Brosch C, Maleck WH, Berchtold C. Influence of dopexamine on hemodynamics, intramucosal pH, and regulators of the macrocirculation and microcirculation in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2000;14:281-287.

A.14. Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery

- Piper SN, Röhm K, Boldt J, Kranke P, Maleck W, Seifert R, Suttner S. Postoperative nausea and vomiting after surgery for prognathism: not only a question of patients' comfort. A placebo-controlled comparison of dolasetron and droperidol. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2008;36:173-179.

A.15. Medical Science Monitor

- Piper SN, Beschmann RB, Mengistu A, Maleck WH, Boldt J, Röhm KD. Postoperative analgosedation with S(+)-ketamine decreases the incidences of postanesthetic shivering and nausea and vomiting after cardiac surgery. Med Sci Monit. 2008;14:PI59-PI65.

- Röhm KD, Riechmann J, Boldt J, Suttner SW, Piper SN. Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil is associated with a nearly twofold higher incidence in postanesthetic shivering than desfluranefentanyl anesthesia. Med Sci Monit. 2006;12:CR452-CR456.

A.16. Minerva Anestesiologica

- Piper SN, Beschmann R, Mengistu A, Kalenka A, Maleck WH, Boldt J, Röhm KD. Assessment of recovery, dreaming, hemodynamics, and satisfaction in postcardiac surgery patients receiving supplementary propofol sedation with S(+)-ketamine. Minerva Anestesiol. 2009;75:363-373.

A.17. The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon

- Piper SN, Kiessling AH, Suttner SW, Ducke M, Boldt J, Röhm KD. Prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery using a potassium-magnesium-aspartate solution (Inzolen). Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;55:418-423.

A.18. Vox Sanguinis

- Boldt J, Mengistu A, Seyfert UT, Vogt A, Hellstern P. The impact of a medium molecular weight, low molar substitution hydroxyethyl starch dissolved in a physiologically balanced electrolyte solution on blood coagulation and platelet function in vitro. Vox Sang. 2007;93:139-144.

 

 

Dirección para correspondencia:
enrique.fernandez.mondejar.sspa@juntadeandalucia.es
(E. Fernández Mondéjar)

Recibido 20 Mayo 2011
Aceptado 20 Mayo 2011