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Nutrición Hospitalaria

versión On-line ISSN 1699-5198versión impresa ISSN 0212-1611

Nutr. Hosp. vol.33 no.5 Madrid sep./oct. 2016

https://dx.doi.org/10.20960/nh.573 

TRABAJO ORIGINAL / Obesidad y síndrome metabólico

 

Association of the rs9939609 gene variant in FTO with insulin resistance, cardiovascular risk factor and serum adipokine levels in obese patients

Asociación del polimorfismo rs9939609 en el gen FTO con la resistencia a la insulina, factores de riesgo cardiovascular y niveles de adipocitoquinas en pacientes obesos

 

 

Daniel Antonio de Luis, Rocío Aller, Olatz Izaola, David Primo and E. Romero

Centro de Investigación de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Medicine School. Universidad de Valladolid. Valladolid, Spain. Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition. Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid. Valladolid, Spain

Correspondence

 

 


ABSTRACT

Introduction: The aim of our study was to analyze the relationship of the rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism with insulin resistance and serum adipokine levels.
Material and methods: A population of 610 patients with obesity was analyzed in a cross sectional design. Weight, blood pressure, basal glucose, c-reactive protein (CRP), insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA), lipid profile and adipocytokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, TNF alpha, and interleukin 6) levels were measured.
Results: Insulin (122.2 ± 101.8 pmol/L vs. 104.5 ± 61.5 pmol/L vs. 112.1 ± 74.3 pmol/L: p < 0.05) and HOMA-IR values (4.76 ± 4.4 vs. 3.71 ± 2.5 vs. 3.76 ± 3.1; p < 0.05) were higher in TT group than AT and AA groups. Triglycerides values were higher in TT group than AA group (1.42 ± 0.71 mmol/L vs. 1.39 ± 0.69 mmol/L vs. 1.23 ± 0.64 mmol/L; p < 0.05). Adiponectin levels were lower in TT genotype group than AA genotype group (35801.2 ± 35,912.3 ng/L vs. 26,718.1 ± 36,323.1 ng/L vs. 21,112.3 ± 25,623.1 ng/L p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The FTO gene polymorphism, rs9939609, was found to be associated with insulin resistance, insulin, triglyceride and adiponectin levels in obese patients with TT variant.

Key words: Adipocytokines. Cardiovascular risk factors. Insulin resistance to rs9939609 gene variant. Obesity.


RESUMEN

Introducción: el objetivo de nuestro estudio fue analizar la relación del polimorfismo rs9939609 del gen FTO con la resistencia a la insulina y los niveles de adipocitoquinas séricas.
Material y métodos: se analizó una población de 610 pacientes con obesidad en un diseño transversal. Se registraron los valores de peso, presión arterial, glucosa basal, proteína C-reactiva (PCR), insulina, resistencia a la insulina (HOMA), perfil lipídico y adipocitoquinas (leptina, adiponectina, resistina, TNF alfa y la interleucina 6).
Resultados: los niveles de insulina circulante (104,5 + /l vs. / L 112.1 ± 74,3 pmol 61,5 pmol 122,2 ± 101,8 pmol/l vs.: p < 0,05) y HOMA-IR (4,76 ± 4,4 vs. 3,71 + 2,5 vs. 3,76 ± 3,1; p < 0,05) fueron mayores en el grupo TT que en el grupo AT+ AA. Los valores de triglicéridos fueron mayores en el grupo TT que AA (1,42 ± 0,71 mmol/l vs. 1,39 + 0,69 mmol/l vs. 1,23 ± 0,64 mmol/l; p < 0,05). Los niveles de adiponectina fueron menores en el grupo con genotipo TT que en el grupo con genotipo AA (35.801,2 ± 35.912,3 ng/l vs. 26.718,1 ± 36.323,1 ng/l vs. 21.112,3 ± 25.623,1 ng/l p < 0,05).
Conclusión: el polimorfismo del gen FTO, rs9939609, está asociado con los niveles de resistencia a la insulina, insulina, triglicéridos y de adiponectina en pacientes obesos con variante TT.

Palabras clave: Adipocitoquinas. Factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Resistencia a rs9939609. Obesidad.


 

Introduction

Obesity, which is a risk factor for various disorders including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, is one of the most common disorders in clinical practice worldwide. It has been reported that the occurrence of obesity is determined by both environmental and genetic factors (1-2). Common polymorphisms of the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) have been linked to obesity in some populations (3-5). The FTOgene is highly polymorphic, and several polymorphisms of the gene have been found to be associated with obesity or obesity phenotypes, such as high body mass index (BMI). One of these genetic variants (rs9939609), located within the first FTO intron, has been related to an increased risk for both obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (7-16). Although the association of the FTO gene with obesity is observed across many different ethnic populations (7-16), there are several controversies. Some showed an association of the FTO gene with obesity (15-16), and some failed to replicate the result (17). The reason for this discrepancy is not clear. Lack of adjustment for confounding factors, especially dietary intake, may also be the reason, since such factors seem to be important to modulate the gene susceptibility for lifestyle-related disorders such as obesity.

In the other hand, the current view of adipose tissue is that of an active secretor organ, sending out and responding to signals that modulate appetite, insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure, inflammation and immunity. Adipocytokines are proteins produced mainly by adipocytes (18). These molecules have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (for example; adiponectin, leptin, resistin, IL6 and TNF alpha) (19-22). Association of this FTO polymorphism with adipokine levels has been evaluated in few studies (23-25). Contradictories data have been obtained with leptin, adiponectin and interleukine-6 levels (19-25) and the relationship with resistin levels has not yet been evaluated.

Our aim was to analyze the relationship of the rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism with body weight, insulin resistance, cardiovascular risk factors and serum adipokine levels.

 

Subjects and methods

SUBJECTS

A population of 610 patients with obesity was analyzed in a cross sectional design. These patients were recruited in a Nutrition Clinic Unit and signed informed consent. Local ethical committee approved the protocol (CIENC Committee Valladolid). Exclusion criteria included history of cardiovascular disease or stroke during the previous 24 months, total cholesterol > 12.8 mmol/L, triglycerides > 3.3 mmol/L, blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg, fasting plasma glucose > 3.9 mg/dL, as well as the use of sulphonilurea, thiazolidinedions, insulin, dypeptidil type 4 inhibitors, exenatide, glucocorticoids, antineoplasic agents, agiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Smoking habit has been excluded, too. Inclusion criteria included body mass index > 30, age > 18 years and signed informed consent.

PROCEDURE

Weight, blood pressure, basal glucose, c-reactive protein (CRP), insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides blood and adipocytokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, TNF alpha, and interleukin 6) levels were measured. A tetrapolar bioimpedance and a prospective serial assessment of nutritional intake with 3 days written food records were realized. Genotype of FTO gene polymorphism (rs9939609) was studied.

Genotyping of rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism

Oligonucleotide primers and probes were designed with the Beacon Designer 5.0 (Premier Biosoft International®, LA, CA). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out with 50 ng of genomic DNA, 0.5 uL of each oligonucleotide primer (primer forward: 5'-GGCTCTTGAATGAAATAGG-3'and reverse 5'-GACTGTTACCTATTAAAACTTTAG-3' and 0.25 uL of each probes (wild probe: 5'-Fam-ATC AAG AGC ACG GTC AAG ATT GCC-BHQ-1-3') and (mutant probe: 5'-Texas red- ATC AAG AGC ACA GTC AAG ATT GCC -BHQ-1-3') in a 25 uL final volume (Termociclador iCycler IQ (Bio-Rad®), Hercules, CA). DNA was denaturated at 95 oC for 3 min; this was followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 95 oC for 15 s, and annealing at 55ofor 45 s). The PCR were run in a 25 uL final volume containing 12.5 uL of IQTM Supermix (Bio-Rad®, Hercules, CA) with hot start Taq DNA polymerase.

BIOCHEMICAL ASSAYS

Plasma glucose levels were determined by using an automated glucose oxidase method (Glucose analyser 2, Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, California). Insulin was measured by RIA (RIA Diagnostic Corporation, Los Angeles, CA) with a sensitivity of 3.6 pmol/L (normal range 3.5-220 pmol/L) (26) and the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated using these formula (insulin x glucose/22.5) (27). CRP was measured by immunoturbimetry (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), with a normal range of (0-28nm l/L) and analytical sensivity 2 nmol/L. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were determined by enzymatic colorimetric assay (Technicon Instruments, Ltd., New York, NY, USA), while HDL cholesterol was determined enzymatically in the supernatant after precipitation of other lipoproteins with dextran sulphate-magnesium. LDL cholesterol was calculated using Friedewald formula.

Resistin was measured by ELISA (Biovendor Laboratory, Inc., Brno, Czech Republic) with a sensitivity of 200 ng/L with a normal range of 4,000-12,000 ng/L (28). Leptin was measured by ELISA (Diagnostic Systems Laboratories, Inc., Texas, USA) with a sensitivity of 50 ng/L and a normal range of 10,000-100,000 ng/L (29). Interleukin 6 and TNF alpha were measured by ELISA (R&D systems, Inc., Mineapolis, USA) with a sensitivity of 0.7 ng/L and 0.5 ng/L, respectively. Normal values of IL6 was (1.12-12.5 ng/L) and TNF alpha (0.5-15.6 ng/L) (30-31). Adiponectin was measured by ELISA (R&D systems, Inc., Mineapolis, USA) with a sensitivity of 246 ng/L and a normal range of 8,650.0-21,430.0 ng/L (32).

ANTROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS AND DIETARY INTAKES

Body weight was measured to an accuracy of 0.1 kg and body mass index computed as body weight/(height2). Waist (narrowest diameter between xiphoid process and iliac crest) and hip (widest diameter over greater trochanters) circumferences to derive waist-to hip ratio (WHR) were measured, too. Tetrapolar body electrical bioimpedance was used to determine body composition with an accuracy of 5 g (33). An electric current of 0.8 mA and 50 kHz was produced by a calibrated signal generator (Biodynamics Model 310e, Seattle, WA, USA). Blood pressure was measured twice after a 10 minutes rest with a random zero mercury sphygmomanometer, and averaged.

Patients received prospective serial assessment of nutritional intake with 3 days written food records. All enrolled subjects received instruction to record their daily dietary intake for three days including a weekend day. Handling of the dietary data was by means of a personal computer equipped with a software (-Dietosource 2.0®), incorporating use of food scales and models to enhance portion size accuracy. Records were reviewed by a registered dietician and analyzed with the software (Dietosource 2.0®). National composition food tables were used as reference (34).

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Sample size was calculated to detect differences over 0,5 kg in body weight with 90% power and 5% significance (n = 600). The results were expressed as average ± standard deviation. The distribution of variables was analyzed with -Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Patients were divided by genotype in 3 groups (TT, TA and AA) and ANOVA test was used where indicated with Bonferroni test as a post hoc test. Non-parametric variables were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test. Pearson test was used to analyze correlation. Qualitative variables were analyzed with the chi-square test, with Yates correction as necessary, and Fisher's test. A p-value under 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

 

Results

Six hundred and ten patients gave informed consent and were enrolled in the study. No dropout during the study. The mean age was 45.3 ± 11.1 years and the mean BMI 35.7 ± 6.0.Two hundred and ninety patients (48.1%) had the genotype TT, 134 (21.7%) patients had the genotype TA and 186 patients had the genotype AA (30.2%). Age was similar in all groups (46.1 ± 16.1 years in TT groupvs.44.9 ± 16.2 years in TA group vs. 43.9 ± 15.2 years in AA group). Sex distribution was similar in different genotype groups (males vs females: 23.3% vs. 76.7% in TT group, 25.4% vs 74.6% in TA group, 30.1% vs. 69.9% in AA group).

Table I shows the anthropometric variables. No differences were detected among genotype groups.

 

 

Table II shows the classic cardiovascular risk factors. Insulin and HOMA values were higher in TT group than AT and AA groups. Triglycerides values were higher in TT group than AA group.

 

 

Table III shows nutritional intake with 3 days written food records. No statistical differences were detected in caloric, carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes. Aerobic exercise per week was similar in both groups.

 

 

Table IV shows levels of adipocytokines. Adiponectin levels were lower in TT genotype group than AA genotype group. No differences were detected among genotype groups in other serum adipocytokine levels.

 

 

Discussion

We analyzed the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs9939609 of the FTO gene in obese Caucasian subjects. No associations could be found between investigated SNP and BMI, weight and some cardiovascular risk parameters (glucose, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and blood pressure). However, an association between this SNP and insulin levels, insulin resistance, triglyceride levels and adiponectin was observed.

The relation of rs9939609 with body weight is a contradictory topic area. For example, Do et al reported that the FTO variants (rs17817449 and rs1421085) have been associated with several measures of adiposity including weight, BMI, fat mass and waist circumference (35). However, rs9939609 did not show these associations (35). Dina et al. (36) note that the gene may play a role in body weight regulation, since it is highly expressed in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. These contradictory results might be explained by ethnicity factors. For example, Fang et al. (24) reported a significant association of FTO and BMI in Asian adults, although the risk allele effects on weight were lower in Caucasian samples, as our data shown.

In the above-mentioned study, the obesity risk alleles of rs17817449 and rs1421085 were associated with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR, the influence of these SNPs on insulin sensitivity appears to be mediated through obesity (35). We also confirmed the finding of Freathy et al (37), that FTO genotype was associated with metabolic traits. These previous results implied that the association of FTO variant with serum triglycerides and adiponectin levels may be mediated through obesity. Nevertheless, in our study, the association of these parameters was independent of body weight. In accord with other study (38), no association between leptin levels and rs9939609 genotypes were detected. In the other hand, Zimmerman et al (23) reported an association between circulating leptin levels and FTO variant, but the effect was accounted for by BMI and that the FTO A-allele tended to lower IL-6 levels. In aother pediatric group of patients (39), the minor A allele of the FTO rs9939609 was significantly associated with higher serum leptin concentrations independently of potential confounders including adiposity.

The effect of the FTO rs9939609 on insulin resistance is an unclear area, too. Tan et al (40) reported an increase in insulin resistance and hiperinsulinemia in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome with the A allele, without effect on glucose levels. In other study, FTO was associated with both metabolic syndrome and glucose without finding an association to insulin resistance (41). Our findings of insulin resistance and elevated triglyceride levels in patients with TT genotype were different than previous, without a clear explanation. For example, Grunnet et al. (42) have proposed that modifications of energy efficiency in oxidative muscle fibers may contribute to the association of FTO variants (A allele) and insulin resistance, but we reported an association with T allele.

These discrepancies in the metabolic findings between studies could be partly due to differences in population characteristics, such as gender, age, ethnic composition and environmental exposures such as dietary intakes. Our results suggest that there is no association of FTO with either energy intake or macronutrient composition, as other studies (43). At present the mechanism of the FTO variant on insulin resistance, triglyceride levels and adiponectin levels is uncertain. Human adipose tissue is heterogeneous in its metabolic activity, and some sites in the adipose tissue might be expanded preferentially among TT carriers, resulting in an increased insulin resistance, insulin levels and triglyceride with a decreased adiponectin levels.

 

Conclusion

In conclusion, the FTO gene polymorphism, rs9939609, was found to be associated with insulin resistance, insulin, triglyceride and adiponectin levels in obese patients with TT variant. A failure to control for the factors (caloric expenditure due to exercise, medications, smoking, age and gender is a biass in our design). However, further studies are necessary to confirm our results and to explore new metabolic relationships of this SNP and to performed metanalysis with pooled data as in children populations (44).

 

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Correspondence:
Daniel Antonio de Luis.
Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition.
Institute of Endocrinology and Nutrition.
Medicine School.
Universidad de Valladolid.
Avda. Ramón y Cajal, 7.
47002 Valladolid, Spain
e-mail: dadluis@yahoo.es

Received: 17/03/2016
Accepted: 08/04/2016