SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.44 número1Terapias avanzadasImplantación y resultados de un programa de riesgo compartido para terapias de sustitución enzimática en enfermedades de depósito lisosomal índice de autoresíndice de assuntospesquisa de artigos
Home Pagelista alfabética de periódicos  

Serviços Personalizados

Journal

Artigo

Indicadores

Links relacionados

  • Em processo de indexaçãoCitado por Google
  • Não possue artigos similaresSimilares em SciELO
  • Em processo de indexaçãoSimilares em Google

Compartilhar


Farmacia Hospitalaria

versão On-line ISSN 2171-8695versão impressa ISSN 1130-6343

Farm Hosp. vol.44 no.1 Toledo Jan./Fev. 2020  Epub 06-Jul-2020

https://dx.doi.org/10.7399/fh.11248 

Originals

Pharmaceutical services in nursing homes in Spain

Elia María Fernández-Villalba1  , Isabel Gil-Gómez2  , Juan F Peris-Martí1  , María García-Mina Freire3  , Eva Delgado-Silveira4  , Ana Juanes-Borrego5 

1Pharmacy Service, Residencia de Personas Mayores Dependientes La Cañada, Valencia. Spain.

2Pharmacy Service, Hospital General Universitario, Valencia. Spain.

3Pharmacy Service, Residencia La Vaguada, Pamplona. Spain.

4Pharmacy Service, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid. Spain.

5Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona. Spain.

Abstract

Objective:

To describe the current situation regarding the specialized pharmaceutical service provision in nursing homes in Spain, from a health-care perspective reflecting activity, care and services provided.

Method:

Observational, cross-sectional, multicenter study conducted between February-June 2018 through a survey aimed at all Hospital Pharmacy Units in Spain. Once the initial version was assessed by twelve evaluators whose healthcare assistance work were related to nursing homes, an electronic form was designed, consisting on 10 dimensions and 66 questions. A piloting was carried out by six nursing homes pharmacists. The results were analyzed descriptively.

Results:

The overall response rate was 29.7% (113 out of 380). Out of all studied hospital pharmacy units, 46.0% (n = 52) served nursing homes (9 as Nursing Homes Pharmacy Department) whose characteristics defined a profile of pharmacy unit at hospital, public ownership, consolidation in this activity, with great variability in the number of centers and patients to be attended by service, and with the pharmacist's partial dedication. In 51.3% of cases, nursing homes professionals were represented at pharmacy and therapeutic committees, while 38.5% were from pharmacy services who participated in the selection of medical devices. Also, 67.4% performed an integral management of the therapy. The study has also shown that 34.6% counted on assisted electronic prescription, while 88.5% performed a pharmaceutical validation of the prescription prior to dispensing, which in 71.2% of cases consisted of individualized unit doses. It was found that 42.3% performed a third-level treatment comprehensive review, and 25.0% participated in the interdisciplinary nutritional assessment. It also showed that 34.6% actively participated in either comprehensive geriatric assessment, or clinical cases in interdisciplinary teams, and 46.2% counted on programs for the safe use of medicines.

Conclusions:

The specialized pharmaceutical care at nursing homes is a reality, although it presents important differences in essential aspects for the quality of the assistance provided. It is necessary to go in-depth on the care model to be developed, as well as having a greater involvement of pharmacy services to achieve a comprehensive and person-centered care.

KEYWORDS: Nursing homes; Institutionalization; Pharmaceutical services; Pharmaceutical care; Patient-centered care; Frail elderly; Drug utilization review; Surveys and questionnaires

Introduction

The clinical profile of the persons who are treated in nursing homes (NH) (frailty prevalence of up to 71.8%1) requires a pharmaceutical assistance that includes a comprehensive and person-centered care for processes related to the use of medicines, medical devices (MD) and nutritional products (NP). Chronicity, comorbidity or frailty are conditions that directly affect pharmacotherapy, and therefore should be incorporated into the healthcare model. Thus, improvement of care quality would be possible, as well as counting on a greater efficiency in the use of resources.

Health care services have developed in a very heterogeneous way in the nursing home setting in Spain. This is due to two main issues: regional competence and poor coordination between health and social services administrations, which, for the most part, the NH2 depend on. Additionally, the development of specialized pharmaceutical provision (SPP) in NH is not being homogeneous either in the autonomous communities (CCAA by its Spanish acronym), neither from a chronological point of view, nor in its degree of implementation, nor in the application of Spain's Royal-Decree Law legal framework 16/20123, which facilitates establishing drug deposits (DD) and pharmacy unit in the NH (SF-NH) or linking the DD to the hospital pharmacy unit (SF-Hosp by its Spanish acronym).

In 2013, CRONOS Group of the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy (SSHP; SEFH by its Spanish acronym) prepared the document “Specialized Pharmaceutical Provision in Nursing Homes” Situation analysis and CRONOS-SEFH proposal”4. The situation at that time was analyzed and a proposal for a specialized pharmaceutical care model (SPC) for NH was made. In 2015, the Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality carried out an analysis of the existing models in the document “Assistance models for pharmaceutical provision in nursing homes”5. From both works, information is extracted from an organizational point of view, but not from the provision of services.

This paper aims to show the current situation of Spain's SPP in NH from an assistance perspective that reflects the activity, attention and services provided.

Methods

Observational, cross-sectional and multicenter study conducted between February and June 2018 through a survey aimed at all Hospital Pharmacy Units (SF) of Spain.

The survey was designed to be self-administered through an electronic form. Its first version, developed by professional experts in NH care, consisted of 9 dimensions and 52 questions on relevant and representative aspects for the purpose of the study. To verify that the interpretation of the terms and issues was impartial, each item was assessed according to relevance, sufficiency, clarity and coherence6 by 12 evaluators who had not participated in the design, and whose care work was related to NH. Each item had a rated criterion from 1 to 4 (1- does not meet the criteria; 2-low; 3-moderate; 4-high level) and a field of observations was associated. Those questions with a < 3 score (kappa > 0.90) were modified accordingly, one of the dimensions was broken down and new questions were added according to the observations made by the evaluators. Finally, it was structured in 10 dimensions and 66 items (Table 1).

Table 1. Survey dimensions sent to the Pharmacy Unit 

MD: Medical Devices; NH: Nursing Home; NP: Nutritional Products.

The electronic form was built and conformity to its operation was obtained after the piloting conducted by a group of six pharmacists serving at NH. The centers participating in the design, validation and piloting of the survey also participated in its completion for the study.

As the study was descriptive, it was not necessary to determine a sample size. The contact details of the SF were obtained from the SEFH database and updated by consulting members of the CRONOS Group and the SEFH of the different CCAA. No exclusion criteria were applied.

In February 2018, an explanatory email with the objectives of the study, the invitation and access to the survey was sent to those responsible for the identified 380 SF. Four email reminders were established (between March and May) and two telephone contacts were made (June) resending the questionnaire whenever it was necessary.

Response rates were collected, as well as general characteristics of the SFs with NH and the professionals who served them. No analysis by subgroups or confounding variables were anticipated.

The results were analyzed descriptively using absolute and relative frequency (discrete variables) and measures of central tendency and dispersion (continuous variables), using the Excel®2007 program.

Results

Of the 380 SF consulted, 113 responses were received, from 15 different CCAA, resulting in an overall response rate of 29.7%. Out of all of them, 52 (46.0%) SF provided services in NH. The response rate was not homogeneous among CCAA. No response was obtained in 2 Autonomous Communities. There was a greater contribution of SF serving at NH in Castilla-León, Andalucía and Galicia (Table 2).

Table 2. Distribution by autonomous community of the responses received 

C: Community; N: number of pharmacy units that respond to the survey; NT: total number of pharmacy units to which the survey is sent; N1: number of pharmacy units that both respond to the survey and attend nursing homes (NH); SF: pharmacy unit.

The characteristics of the SF serving at NH are shown in Table 3 and different SF professionals involved in this activity are shown in Table 4. Some SF included primary care pharmacists and other professionals, such as dietitians. The presence of nursing was low (13.4%, n = 7). The dedication of the specialist pharmacist to NH care was partial in more than 50% out of the SF.

Table 3. General characteristics of the pharmacy units serving at nursing homes 

Excluded response options.

* They are concentrated in the Comunidad Valenciana (n = 4) and Navarra (n = 2).C1: first quartile; C3: third quartile; IQR: interquartile range; NH: nursing home; SF: pharmacy units; SF-NH: nursing home pharmacy department; SF-Hosp: hospital pharmacy department.

Table 4. Professionals of the 52 pharmacy units serving at nursing homes 

1The number of SF with FT and TP staff is indicated in the same category (they are also included in the counting of the FT and PT sections).C1: first quartile; C3; third quartile; FT: full time; IQR: interquartile range; PT: part time; SF: pharmacy units; SF-Hosp: hospital pharmacy department; SF-NH: nursing home pharmacy department.

The detail of the survey in terms of structure in dimensions, questions and the answers obtained from the SFs serving at NH is available at: http://gruposdetrabajo.sefh.es/cronos/index.php/actividad/proyectos-de-investigacion

Discussion

This paper shows the current situation of Spain's SPP in NH from an assistance perspective and provided services. It is the first study to be carried out with these characteristics in Spain and no similar international publications have been found that could be compared.

The response rate obtained (29.7%) is similar to that observed in recent questionnaires to Spanish SF7 and other countries8. The distribution of the response rate by Autonomous Communities may be conditioned by the level of development of this activity, by the number of SFs involved in it and by the type of SF (SF-NH or SF-Hosp).

The characteristics of the SF serving institutionalized patients in NH could be summarized in a profile of SF as hospital department, public ownership, with a wide variability in the number of NH and patients treated by SF and with a partial dedication of the specialist pharmacist, as this practice is shared with the hospital's own activity.

Dimension 1: Pharmacotherapy management system and rational use of drugs, MD and NP

Disparity of results can be noticed according to the pharmaceutical product: in 75% of the surveyed SF, the drugs and NP to be used in NH are evaluated and selected from a Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee (P&T) and, in slightly more than half of cases (51.3%), this committee has the participation of health professionals of the NH. These facts are important aspects, as they confirm that it is possible to incorporate this inherent hospital pharmacy work tool in this specific healthcare area. On the contrary, the participation of the SFs in the management of MD is lower (38.5%) which, without a doubt, it constitutes a line of work aimed at improving.

The quality of the provided assistance improves when the SF conducts a comprehensive treatment management. The opposite implies in the dispensation to one or more alternative pharmaceutical services (pharmacy office or other SF), which contributes to polypharmacy9 and has an impact on patient safety in relation to the use of medications10 by increasing the complexity of the processes and the workload in the NH. In this regard, it should be noted that 67% of SFs perform comprehensive management, and 15% with exceptions, essentially the non-dispensing of unfunded drugs (23%).

The MDs constitute a resource with considerable economic cost and have a relevant impact on the quality of care provided to the patient. Although the SF is legally responsible for its management, only 38.5% participated in its selection, 28.8% in the dispensation and 19.2% had programs for rational use. The lack of tradition of the SF-Hosp in this type of management would explain this situation, but the healthcare features of the NH need to be covered in an efficient way. Thus, the interdisciplinary programs between SF and the NH nursing staff, who share responsibility in the evaluation, selection and management of MD, represent an opportunity for improvement in the care provided to institutionalized patients11.

Dimension 2: Prescription, dispensing and administration procedures for drugs, MD and NP

The most used prescription system was paper format with computer transcription. The assisted electronic prescription (AEP), identified as a safe practice in the use of drugs, had a level of implantation (34.6%) that resulted lower than that estimated in the hospital setting (45.5%)12. Others, such as the pharmaceutical validation of the prescription (prior to dispensing), were carried out in 88.5% of SF, close to the 100% recommended13. The dispensing of individualized unitary dose was the most used system (71.2%), although less than estimated in the hospital setting (83.3%)12; and less than 60% specified any intervention related to the drug administration process. Therefore, in general terms, hospital standards are not being reached even though they are considered a benchmark and applicable in NH. This circumstance is logical when taking into account that hospital pharmacy is still in the process of joining this healthcare area. Thus, while the processes of pharmaceutical validation and dispensing in unitary doses appear to be consolidated -or in the process of doing so-, a greater effort seems to be necessary in order to increase the involvement of SFs in the drug administration, a procedure related to a greater risk of drug related problems10.

Dimension 3: Development of pharmaceutical care

For its correct development, the SPC requires a complete and agile access to the patient's clinical and pharmacotherapeutic record, especially when treating chronic patients. In fact, the unique electronic medical record is one of the great challenges of the Spanish healthcare system when aiming to ensure proper care14. It should be noted that the access of the SF to the clinical history of the NH was inferior to the access to the clinical history of primary and hospital care. This fact can be explained due to the majority of the cases being SF-Hosp, as well as because the clinical history of the NH was in paper format. This reflects a fragmentation still existing between these areas, the lack of integration of health care provided in the NH within the health system's health structure, and the dependence on not sufficiently coordinated administrations.

Out of SFs, 75% consider that they provide the same level of pharmaceutical care to all treated patients. In cases where this situation was not reached (25%), the main reason was the limited availability of time, a situation that -according to the survey data- is more closely related to the SF-Hosp, as a considerable amount of pharmacists have other unrelated to NH tasks assigned.

The comprehensive and periodic treatment review is a strategic line, as well as a need to optimize the use of health resources and to improve health outcomes in this population15. The majority of SF performed a periodic review of the treatment, but only 22 SF (42.3%) took into account the use of medications regarding the patient's clinical and personal context, recommended revision level in older patients, with multimorbidity, polypharmacy, frailty or institutionalized16.

Half of the SF developed population intervention programs aimed at groups of patients with similar characteristics that may be subsidiaries of the same intervention, mainly focused on conciliation and deprescription. In contrast, nutritional assessment and intervention on high - risk medications in chronic patients17 were addressed by few SF (25.0%). The majority of these programs were initiatives suggested by the SFs, by consensus of the interdisciplinary team of the NH in 53.8% of cases. Although this data can be considered good, the need to carry out a comprehensive approach requires a greater effort to strengthen the consensus and involvement of the interdisciplinary team to ensure a greater degree of success.

Dimension 4: Health education programs aimed at the population served and health professionals in the NH healthcare area

The knowledge that NH personnel have about the use of medicines contributes to medication errors (ME), being the administration one of the processes where more errors occur10. Virtually, all of the SF (94.2%) provide information to health personnel in 89.9% of cases from the consultations received. On the contrary, pharmacists do not participate in a majority way (36.5%) in continuing education programs. Two possible causes would explain this low participation: the small number of training courses in this field of care, and the aforementioned fact that the Hospital Pharmacy is in the process of integration. Thus, against this background, SFs should promote and increase their participation in these programs to improve knowledge about the correct and safe use of medicines.

Dimension 5: Development of nutritional assessment programs

Malnutrition is a very prevalent geriatric syndrome in institutionalized elderly (1.5 -66.5%). It has an important impact on morbidity and mortality, requires an interdisciplinary approach18 and, therefore, it is one of the main aspects that are valued in the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)19. To achieve rational use, the SF should participate in the entire process (nutritional assessment, indication and monitoring) as part of the interdisciplinary team (dietitian, doctor, nursing staff). This was only observed in 25.0% of the SFs, although slightly more than half (53.8%) participated in clinical decision-making related to its use (advice on administration of medications by tube) and about 80% had a consensual selection and had them individually dispensed.

Dimension 6: Integration into the center's assistance team

The integration of the pharmacist in the NH care team is a reality for many SF, defined as the meeting with the doctor and/or nurse (82.7%). Although it is a fact that can be very positively considered, the active participation of the pharmacist in the CGA is still low (16.3%). This line of work is the main tool for multidimensional assessment, the elaboration of a comprehensive treatment and monitoring plan for the chronic patient20. Thus, the best results are achieved by working in an integrated way within the healthcare team21-24. Accordingly, active participation in the CGA could be considered the key process on which to develop the SPC assistance activity for this population25. The possible causes that can motivate this low participation could be the need to move to the NH, to make the pharmacist's schedules compatible with the NH organization-, to require an agile and complete access to the information, and the possibility that in some NH this service is still not established.

Dimension 7: Inter-level Integrated Care

Care transitions are a source of adverse events in these patients, due to lack of continuity of care and communication/integration problems between the structures serving them26. The reconciliation of medication to hospital discharge has been shown to reduce readmissions, emergency visits and rehospitalization for adverse drug-related events (ADE)27. Therefore, it should be a priority intervention for this population. Only 22 SF (46.2%) indicated reconciliation. Due to the existing fragmentation, the fact that the pharmacist serving NH patients belongs to the SF-Hosp can facilitate the development of this task. In accordance with this situation, the initiative of the professionals involved to alleviate this lack of integration/coordination and reach the micro level with assistance programs with certain medical specialties or the joint assessment of patients between levels28,29 is appreciated.

Dimension 8: Management indicators

Activity indicators of pharmaceutical provision to NH were the most commonly used, focused on the drug. This is probably because they were used in the hospital environment, and because they were easily obtained with the available information systems. It is necessary to enhance their use, standardize them and incorporate new indicators related to the patient and the use of health resources. This will allow evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of pharmaceutical interventions, making comparisons and synthesizing the evidence30. In addition, having adequate information systems is essential to record the interventions and their results.

Dimension 9: Medication safety management

The institutionalized population in NH is particularly vulnerable to ADE due to factors related to the organization, processes/procedures, characteristics of the environment, professionals and patients. Administration, monitoring and documentation processes are critical in the generation of ME and ADE in this area, unlike prescription and dispensing, with much lower rates10. Less than half of the SF (46.2%) have a program to minimize ME, which is in line with other authors12 and seems to confirm that the culture of safety in the use of drugs is less developed in NH than in hospitals. Thus, it is considered necessary to strengthen the safety of the use of medicines from the SF by identifying, intervening and training in the processes and elements that make the greatest impact.

Dimension 10: Research Activity

The number of SFs that develop lines of research in this healthcare area is very small, with nutritional monitoring and deprescription being the most studied care aspects. The involvement of the SF in taking the initiative, developing and participating in it has a wide margin for improvement.

CRONOS group participation ensured that the survey was sent to all the SFs serving at NH, but there was no response from Cantabria (there is no SPP from SF), Extremadura (limited development) and Madrid, where there are specialized pharmacists who carry out PC activities in NH but not from SFs,. By getting answers from all the Autonomous Communities with SF serving at NH, we understand that the findings could be extrapolated to all.

Overall, the data collected in this paper allow us to confirm that the SPP in NH from SF is a fact in almost all of Spain, although with a heterogeneous degree of implementation and development. From an assistance perspective, important differences are appreciated in essential aspects, such as the degree of integration of the pharmacist in the healthcare team, coordination with other care levels, the development of a specific drug formulary system for this population, or MD management, while the involvement in the development of training and research activities is still very low. This situation shows the need to go deeper into the SPC care model to be implemented in NH, but it also shows the finding that the development of an integrated and person-centered SPC in NH is possible.

Acknowledgement

To the members of the research team of the MAFCAS project: Patricia Bravo, Idoia Beobide, Ana Bandrés, Dani Sevilla, Virginia Saavedra, Mª Dolores Martínez, Mª José Otero, Bernardo Santos.

To Nuria Iglesias, Jesús Martínez and Blanca de la Nogal.

References

Martínez-Velilla N, Aldaz Herce P, Casas Herrero A, Gutiérrez-Valencia M, López Sáez de Asteasu M, Sola Mateos A, et al. Heterogeneity of Different Tools for Detecting the Prevalence of Frailty in Nursing Homes: Feasibility and Meaning of Different Approaches. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017;18(10):898.e1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2017.06.016 [ Links ]

Nieto JI, del Barrio J (coords.). Lo sociosanitario: de los casos reales al modelo. (Internet) Fundación Economía y Salud; 2018 (accessed 05/05/2019). Available at: http://www.fundacioneconomiaysalud.org/wp-content/uploads/Lo-sociosanitario_De-los-casos-reales-al-modelo.pdfLinks ]

Real Decreto-Ley 16/2012, de 20 de abril, de medidas urgentes para garantizar la sostenibilidad del Sistema Nacional de Salud y mejorar la calidad y seguridad de sus prestaciones. Boletín Oficial del Estado, n.º 98 (24 de abril de 2012). [ Links ]

Peris-Martí JF, Fernández-Villalba E, García-Mina Freire M, Santos Ramos B, Albiñana Pérez MS, Delgado Silveira E, et al. Prestación farmacéutica especializada en centros sociosanitarios. Análisis de Situación y Propuesta CRONOS-SEFH (Internet). Madrid: Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria; 2013 (accessed 23/09/2018). Available at: http://www.sefh.es/sefhpdfs/dossier_CRONOS_2013.pdfLinks ]

Aliberas J, Catalán A, Pons JMV. Modelos asistenciales de prestación farmacéutica en centros sociosanitarios (Internet). Barcelona: Agència de Qualitat i Avaluació Sanitàries de Catalunya. Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad; 2015 (accessed 28/11/2018). Available at: https://scientiasalut.gencat.cat/bitstream/handle/11351/2436/modelos_asistenciales_prestacion_farmaceutica_sociosanitarios_2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yLinks ]

Escobar Pérez J, Cuervo Martínez A. Validez de contenido y juicio de expertos: una aproximación a su utilización. Av Medición (Internet). 2008 (accessed 21/11/2016);6(1):27-36. Available at: http://www.humanas.unal.edu.co/psicometria/files/7113/8574/5708/Articulo3_Juicio_de_expertos_27-36.pdfLinks ]

Beobide I, Fernández-Villalba EM, Delgado E, Juanes A, Negro E, de la Riva A, et al. Encuesta sobre el proceso de dispensación de medicamentos a centros residenciales y sociosanitarios. Comunicación tipo póster presentada en el 62 Congreso Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria; Madrid, Spain octubre 2017. [ Links ]

Pedersen CA, Schneider PJ, Scheckelhoff DJ. ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings: Prescribing and transcribing-2016. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2017;74:1336-52. DOI: 10.2146/ajhp170228 [ Links ]

Tamura BK, Bell CL, Inaba M, Masaki KH. Factors associated with polypharmacy in nursing home residents. Clin Geriatric Med. 2012;28:199-216. DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2012.01.004 [ Links ]

Al-Jumaili AA, Doucette WR. Comprehensive literature review of factors influencing medication safety in nursing homes: using a systems models. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017;18:470-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.12.069 [ Links ]

Quintana Vargas I, Moreno Miralles A, Tomás Madrid M, Monleón Ruiz M, Montero Bau A, Peris-Martí JF. Abordaje interdisciplinar de la gestión de productos sanitarios en el ámbito sociosanitario. Farm Hosp. 2017;41:497- 507. DOI: 10.7399/fh.2017.41.4.10738 [ Links ]

Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Estrategia de seguridad del paciente del Sistema Nacional de Salud. Período (2015-2020) (Internet). Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad; 2016 (accessed 28/11/2018). Available at: https://www.seguridaddelpaciente.es/es/informacion/publicaciones/2015/estrategia-seguridad-del-paciente-2015-2020Links ]

Sanjurjo M, Ribas J. 2020. Líneas estratégicas y objetivos. Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (Internet). Madrid: Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria; 2011 (accessed 28/11/2018). Available at: https://www.sefh.es/sefhpdfs/desarrollo_2020.pdfLinks ]

Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Estrategia para el abordaje de la cronicidad en el Sistema Nacional de Salud. Sanidad 2012. (Internet). Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad; 2012 (accessed 05/05/2019). Available at: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/organizacion/sns/planCalidadSNS/pdf/ESTRATEGIA_ABORDAJE_CRONICIDAD.pdfLinks ]

Meyer-Massetti C, Meier CR, Guglielmo BJ. The scope of drug-related problems in the home care setting. Int J Clin Pharm. 2018;40:325-34. DOI: 10.1007/s11096-017-0581-9 [ Links ]

National Health System Brent. Clinical Comissioning Group. Medicines Optimisation: Clinical Medication Review - A Practice Guide (Internet). London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2014 (accessed 05/05/2019). Available at: https://www.sps.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Brent-CCGMedication-Review-Practice-Guide-2014.pdfLinks ]

Dirección General de Salud Pública, Calidad e Innovación. Proyecto MARC. Elaboración de una lista de medicamentos de alto riesgo para los pacientes crónicos (Internet). Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad; 2014 (accessed 08/12/2018). Available at: https://www.seguridaddelpaciente.es/resources/documentos/2014/Proyecto_marc_nipo.pdfLinks ]

Bell CL, Lee AS, Tamura BK. Malnutrition in the nursing home. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2015;18:17-23. DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000130 [ Links ]

Sanjoaquín Romero AC, Fernández Arín E, Mesa Lampré MP, García-Arilla Calvo E. Valoración Geriátrica Integral. En: Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología. Tratado de Geriatría para residentes (Internet). Madrid: Coordinación editorial por International Marketing & Communication (IM&C) S. A.; 2006 (accessed 18/12/2018). Available at: https://www.segg.es/tratadogeriatria/main.htmlLinks ]

Abizanda P, Gallego J, Sánchez P, Díaz C. Instrumentos de valoración geriátrica integral en los servicios de geriatría de España: uso heterogéneo de nuestra principal herramienta de trabajo. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol. 2000;35:261-8. [ Links ]

Spinewine A, Fialová D, Byrne S. The role of the pharmacist in optimizing pharmacotherapy in older people. Drugs Aging. 2012;29:495-510. DOI: 10.2165/11631720-000000000-00000 [ Links ]

Nazir A, Unroe K, Tegeler M, Khan B, Azar J, Boustani M. Systematic Review of Interdisciplinary Interventions in Nursing Homes. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(7):471-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.02.005 [ Links ]

Kua CH, Mak V, Lee S. Health Outcomes of Deprescribing Interventions Among Older Residents in Nursing Homes: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(3):362-72.e11. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2018.10.026 [ Links ]

Hazen ACM, de Bont AA, Boelman L, Zwart DLM, de Gier JJ, de Wit NJ, et al. The degree of integration of non- dispensing pharmacists in primary care practice and the impact on health outcomes: A systematic review. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2018;14:228-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2017.04.014 [ Links ]

Peris-Martí JF, Fernández-Villalba E, Bravo-José P, Sáez-Lleó C, García-Mina Freire M. Reflexión sobre la prestación farmacéutica en centros sociosanitarios; entendiendo la realidad para cubrir las necesidades. Farm Hosp. 2016;40:302-15. DOI: 10.7399/fh.2016.40.4.10430 [ Links ]

World Health Organization. Medication Without Harm - Global Patient Safety Challenge on Medication Safety (WHO/HIS/SDS/2017.6) (Internet). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 (accessed 26/06/2017). Available at: http://www.who.int/patientsafety/medication-safety/medication-without-harmbrochure/en/Links ]

Mekonnen AB, McLachlan AJ, Brien JE. Effectiveness of pharmacist led medication reconciliation programmes on clinical outcomes at hospital transitions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e010003. DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010003 [ Links ]

Iglesias Barreira R, Albiñana Pérez MS, de la Fuente Fernández l, Taboada López RJ, López Sandomingo L, Rodríguez Legazpi I, et al. Role of teleneurology in health and social centers. Eur J Clin Pharm. 2014;16:346-52. [ Links ]

Fernández-Villalba E, Peris-Martí J, Mena Rodríguez F, Marraes Lozano S, Quintana M, Martínez-Antequera P. Telemonitorización de pacientes mayores dependientes en tratamiento con anticoagulantes antivitamina-K coordinado desde un Servicio de Farmacia. Comunicación tipo póster AS-24. Libro de Resúmenes del VI Congreso Nacional de Atención Sanitaria al Paciente Crónico y I Conferencia Nacional de Pacientes Activos; 27-29 de marzo de 2014; Sevilla: S&H Medical Science Service; 2014. p. 220 (accessed 18/12/2018). Available at: http://vi.congresocronicos.org/documentos/libro-comunicaciones.pdfLinks ]

Millar AN, Daffu-O'Reilly A, Hughes CM, Alldred DP, Barton G, Bond CM, et al. Development of a core outcome set for effectiveness trials aimed at optimizing prescribing in older adults in care homes. Trials. 2017;18:175. DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-1915-6 [ Links ]

How to cite this paper: Fernández-Villalba EM, Gil-Gómez I, Peris-Martí JF, García-Mina Freire M, Delgado-Silveira E, Juanes-Borrego A. Pharmaceutical services in nursing homes in Spain. Farm Hosp. 2020;44(1):3-9.

Presentation at Congresses: National Congress of the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy. Palma de Mallorca (Spain): November 8-10, 2018.

Contribution to the scientific literature:

To typify the specialized pharmaceutical service provision in nursing homes centers of Spain according to determining aspects for the improvement of care quality.

To contribute to the design of a specialized pharmaceutical person-centered care service provision model integrated into the healthcare area.

Funding: This study is part of the MAFCAS research project (Specialized Pharmaceutical Provision in Nursing Homes in Spain. Model of Person-Centered Pharmaceutical Care) financed through research grants and teaching and assistance projects for working groups of the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy in the 2016-2017 call.

Received: March 27, 2019; Accepted: September 18, 2019

Author of correspondence: Elia María Fernández-Villalba Servicio de Farmacia Residencia Para Mayores Dependientes La Cañada. c/561 s/n. 460182 La Cañada-Paterna (Valencia), Spain.. Email: fernandez_eli@gva.es

Conflict of interest

This work is part of a research project financed with grants to SEFH working groups. Funding is aimed at supporting the execution of the project, but does not translate into value transfers to researchers, except for the financing of a team's intern, Isabel Gil Gómez.

Creative Commons License This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License