EVALUATION OF COLD WATER AND VITAMIN C ON BROILER GROWTH DURING HOT-DRY SEASON IN SW NIGERIA

A study to determine effects of cold water and 
vitamin C on growth performance in 216 Anak 
2000 broiler chickens was carried out during hot- 
dry season in the SW Nigeria. The minimum, 
maximum and mean temperatures during the 
experiment were 19.4, 35.8 and 27.6oC respectively 
while the relative humidity was 72.6%. The broilers, 
Anak 2000 at d 28 were allotted to two groups 
offered either ordinary water (29.5oC) or chilled 
water (8.0oC) for four weeks. Each group was 
divided into two. Each half received either 0 or 500 
mg vitamin C per litre in drinking water in 2 x 2 
factorial arrangement. There were 3 replicates 
with 18 birds per replicate. Data on daily water 
intake (DWI), weekly feed intake (WFI), final 
liveweight (FLW), weekly weight gain (WWG), 
total weight gain (TWG), feed conversion ratio 
(FCR), percentage survival (SURV), and relative 
weights of breast meat, liver, spleen, gizzard, 
drumstick, thigh, heart and wing were subjected 
to analysis of variance. Water temperature had no 
significant effect on DWI, WFI, FCR and SURV. 
However, offering broiler chickens cold drinking 
water resulted in significantly higher WWG 
(p<0.001), TWG (p<0.001), FLW (p<0.001) and 
relative weight of spleen (p<0.001) compared to 
water at ambient temperature. Addition of 500 mg 
vitamin C per litre water increased significantly the 
relative weights of breast meat compared to 0 mg 
vitamin C. Other parameters were affected by 
vitamin C. There were not interaction between 
water temperature and addition of vitamin C on 
growth parameters examined in this study. It can 
therefore be concluded that offering cold water to 
broiler chickens during hot-dry season increases 
weight gain and spleen but reduced wing size. 
Though addition of vitamin C could not raised 
growth rate in broilers during hot-dry season, the 
breast meat yield was improved.


SUMMARY
A study to determine effects of cold water and vitamin C on growth performance in 216 Anak 2000 broiler chickens was carried out during hotdry season in the SW Nigeria.The minimum, maximum and mean temperatures during the experiment were 19.4, 35.8 and 27.6ºC respectively while the relative humidity was 72.6%.The broilers, Anak 2000 at d 28 were allotted to two groups offered either ordinary water (29.5ºC) or chilled water (8.0ºC) for four weeks.Each group was divided into two.Each half received either 0 or 500 mg vitamin C per litre in drinking water in 2 x 2 factorial arrangement.There were 3 replicates with 18 birds per replicate.Data on daily water intake (DWI), weekly feed intake (WFI), final liveweight (FLW), weekly weight gain (WWG), total weight gain (TWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), percentage survival (SURV), and relative weights of breast meat, liver, spleen, gizzard, drumstick, thigh, heart and wing were subjected to analysis of variance.Water temperature had no significant effect on DWI, WFI, FCR and SURV.However, offering broiler chickens cold drinking water resulted in significantly higher WWG (p<0.001),TWG (p<0.001),FLW (p<0.001) and relative weight of spleen (p<0.001) compared to water at ambient temperature.Addition of 500 mg vitamin C per litre water increased significantly the relative weights of breast meat compared to 0 mg vitamin C. Other parameters were affected by vitamin C.There were not interaction between water temperature and addition of vitamin C on growth parameters examined in this study.It can therefore be concluded that offering cold water to broiler chickens during hot-dry season increases weight gain and spleen but reduced wing size.Though addition of vitamin C could not raised growth rate in broilers during hot-dry season, the breast meat yield was improved.

INTRODUCTION
Chickens belong to a class of animals that regulate body temperature within a narrow range (Genç, 2005).This is only possible as long as they are maintained within their thermal comfort zone in ambient temperature.When the ambient temperature overshoot the thermal comfort zone, as the case commonly experienced in the tropical environment, the birds depends on panting and other behavioural responses to dissipate body heat.They lack sweat glands as in ruminant animals.There is consequential reduction in voluntary feed intake, so as to limit metabolic heat production (Hai et al., 2000) in order to lower the metabolic heat production.Moreover, they divert energy and other nutrients intended for growth, immunity and reproduction to thermoregulation, thereby limiting their productivity (Brake, 1987).Commercial broilers are more susceptible to heat stress because they depend on high feed intake and the inferior development of their respiratory and cardio-vascular systems compared with rate of growth (Yahav, 2000).Therefore heat-stressed broilers had retarded growth (Temim et al., 2000;Oskan et al., 2003;Abu-Dieyeh, 2006).This effect is more pronounced during the growing phase.To obtain optimal productivity in hot environment therefore, some management techniques have to be put in place to reduce the effects.
South-western Nigeria is located in the humid tropics, characterized by high ambient temperature of >30ºC (Abioja, 2005;Abioja et al., 2010) during hot-dry months (mid-January to mid-April).Wilson and Edward (1952) proposed that offering cold water to chickens could reduce adverse effects of heat stress.Broiler chickens grew faster (Harris et al., 1975) and had higher gain/feed ratio (Beker and Teeter, 1994) when given cold water under heat stress conditions.Similarly, Lofgreen et al. (1975) also reported that cold water improved daily weight gain in beef cattle.However, Okelo et al. (2003) reported that cold water had no effect on liveweight gain, feed/gain ratio and carcass yield.Many poultry handlers in Nigeria have been using crushed iced cubes to cool water to birds during hot periods.However, efficacy of this practice has not been scientifically proved in Nigeria.Dietary supplementation with vitamin C has been reported to be efficient in reducing effects of heat stress in chickens (Pardue et al., 1985;Pardue and Thaxton, 1986;Sahin, 2003;Mahmoud et al., 2004).Combining chilled water with vitamin C may be more useful.Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the effects of chilled water and addition of vitamin C to drinking water on growth performance in growing broiler chickens.

Location:
The study was carried out at Poultry Unit of University Teaching and Research Farms of University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria (latitude 7º 13' 49.46" N; longitude 3º 26' 11.98" E; altitude 76 m above sea level; Google Earth, 2006).
Experimental birds and management: Day-old broiler chicks of Anak 2000 strain were purchased from a reputable hatchery in Abeokuta, Nigeria early February of year 2009 and brooded for three weeks on woodshaving floor.They were given fresh water always and fed ad libitum with a standard diet containing 46% maize, 18.5% soybean meal, 15% groundnut cake, 2% fishmeal, 12.45% wheat offal, 2% bonemeal, 3% oyster shell, 0.25% salt, 0.25% premix, 0.3% methionine and 0.25 lysine.The birds were transferred to the deep-litter floor experimental pens where they were allowed a week for adjustment.The stocking density was 18 kg per 2 m 2 .
The broilers at d28 were allotted to two groups each offered either water at ambient temperature (29.5ºC) or chilled water (8.0ºC) for four weeks.Each group was divided into two homogenised by liveweight.Each half received either 0 or 500 mg vitamin C per litre in drinking water in 2 x 2 factorial arrangement.There were 3 replicates with 18 birds per replicate.Water for the experiment was solely sourced from a single well on the farm and supplied in nipple drinker lines linked to either water reservoir (for water at ambient temperature) or a refrigerating unit (for cold water).There was a pump to return the water from the lines to the refrigerating unit.The temperature of water was recorded by 08.00, 12.00 and 16.00 h daily.
Data collection and analyses: Records of daily water intake (DWI), weekly weight gain (WWG), feed intake (WFI) and percentage survival (SURV) in each replicate were taken throughout the experimental period.Percentage survival was calculated as: (number of birds that survive at the end of week ÷ total number of birds at the beginning of each week) x 100.The final liveweight (FLW) of the birds was taken at d56 as a group with the aid of a sensitive scale.Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated as ratio of feed to weight gain.On d56, three birds from each replicate were randomly selected and sacrificed by exsanguinations.Liveweight, slaughter weight, dressed weight and weights of breast meat, liver, spleen, gizzard, drumstick, thigh, heart and wing were taken.Relative weights of the organs were calculated as organs weight divided by liveweight multiplied by 100.
Data collected were analysed by method of least squares of SYSTAT (1992) using model: where, Y ijk = yield; μ= population mean; T i = i th effect due to water temperature; C j = j th effect due to vitamin C; TC ij = ij th effect due to interaction between water temperature and vitamin C and Σ ijk = residual error.

RESULTS
The summary of the climatic conditions during the experimental period is presented in table I. Average dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity were 27.9ºC, and 85.2% by 08.00 h, and 34.7ºC and, 60.1% by 16.00 h respectively.The temperature of both ordinary and chilled water is shown in table II.Ordinary water was 29.5ºC while cold water was 8.0ºC.Table III shows the effects of water temperature and vitamin C on WWG, FLW, TWG between d28 and d56, DWI, WFI and FCR.Temperature of drinking water had significant (p<0.05)effect on average WWG in the birds.Averagely birds offered cold water gained 0.26 kg/week while bird on water at ambient temperature gained 0.2 kg/week.Addition of vitamin C did not (p>0.05)affect WWG.Cold water significantly increased FLW (p<0.05) and TWG (p<0.05) compared with water at ambient temperature.However, water temperature had no significant (p>0.05)effect on DWI.The FLW and TWG in broiler chickens that received cold water were 1.529 and 1.028 kg/ bird while the birds that received water at ambient temperature recorded 1.450 and 0.944 kg/bird respectively.Addition of vitamin C did not (p>0.05)affect FLW, TWG and DWI.Water temperature and addition of vitamin C to drinking water had no (p>0.05)effect on WFI and there was no interaction between water temperature and vitamin C on WFI of the broiler birds.
FCR was not affected (p>0.05) by water temperature.The average FCR of birds offered water with or without vitamin C was similar (p>0.05).
Table IV shows effects of water temperature and vitamin C on relative weight of body and internal organs of broiler chickens reared during hot-dry season.Water temperature had no effect (p>0.05) on 8:00h 16:00h  Addition of vitamin C to drinking water of broiler chickens had no (p>0.05)effect on slaughter weight, dressed weight and relative weights of liver, spleen, gizzard, drumstick, thigh, heart and wing.However, breast meat yield differs significantly (p<0.05) between birds that received 0 and 500 mg vitamin C per litre water.Addition of 500 mg vitamin C per litre drinking water increased the size of breast meat in broiler chickens.

DISCUSSION
Birds that were offered cold water gained more weight and had higher final weight than birds offered water at ambient temperature.Howlider and Rose (1987) and May et al. (2000) reported that growth rate is reduced in broiler birds when environmental temperature rises because energy Table III.Effects of water temperature and vitamin C supplementation on final liveweight, weight gain (kg/bird) and daily water intake (litres/bird) of broiler chickens reared during hot-dry season.(Efecto de la temperatura del agua y de la suplementación con vitamina C, sobre el peso vivo final, ganancia de peso (kg/ave) e ingestion diaria de de agua (litros por ave) de broilers criados durante la estación cálida-seca).ORD-C= ordinary water (25-300C) without vitamin C supplementation; ORD+C= ordinary water (25-300C) with vitamin C supplementation (0.5 g/litre water); COLD-C= cold water (5-100C) without vitamin C supplementation; COLD+C= cold water (5-100C) without vitamin C supplementation (0.5 g/litre water).
obtained from the small feed consumed is expended in panting.The result is that heatstressed birds had lower final body weight.One of physiological response to heat stress is the release of corticosterone from the adrenals of chickens.Information concerning the effects of corticosteroids similar to those produced under stress has shown that corticosteroids in poultry can cause decreased body weight gains (Gross and Siegel, 1981).With cold water, the effects of heat stress are ameliorated and so the birds were able to gain more weight.Broilers birds had been reported to have faster growth rate when given cold water under heat stress conditions (Harris et al., 1975).In another experiment however, Okelo et al. (2003) reported that cold water had no effect on liveweight gain in broiler chickens.Lofgreen et al. (1975) reported that British cattle in hot environment consumed more feed and gained more weight when given water cooled to 18.3ºC compared to 32.2ºC.White Rock broiler however showed no effect of cooled drinking water on liveweight gain (Degen et al., 1992).The present result might be due to reduction in panting rate of birds that received cold water and maintenance of homeostasis in the birds (Abioja, 2010).
Water temperature had no effect on water intake, weekly feed intake and feed conversion ratio.However, previous studies proved that cooled drinking water stimulates water intake (Janssen and Musharaf, 1984;Puma et al., 2001;Butcher and Miles, 2003) in both laying and broiler chickens.Glatz (2001) reported that feed intake of Australian tinted egg laying hens was improved by cold water for the first four weeks of treatment but thereafter, there was a decline in the effectiveness of chilled water to stimulate an increase in feed intake unlike the European brown egg layers which had improved feed intake throughout the 12 weeks experimental period.But Okelo et al. (2003) had earlier stated that cooled water did not affect feed/ gain ratio in broiler chickens.Addition of vitamin C had no effect on weekly weight, total weight gain, final liveweight and water intake in this study.This is in contrast to the reports of Gross (1988) and Mbajiorgu et al. (2007) that addition of ascorbic acid to feed of poultry increased weight gain.Sobayo (2005) also reported that feeding growing pullets with 300g vitamin C/kg feed during dry season resulted in better weight gain.Overall feed conversion ratio was not affected by vitamin C in broilers' drinking water.
Neither water temperature nor addition of vitamin C had effect on survival of broiler chickens during hot-dry season.The reason for this could not be ascertained because percentage survival was similar for all groups in all other weeks of experiment.The present finding of non-significant effect of water temperature on survival of broiler is contrary to previous reports that chickens offered cold drinking water had better survival rate of (Fox, 1951;Miller and Sunde, 1975;Janssen and Musharaf, 1984;Butcher and Miles, 2003).However, it corroborates the findings in an experiment with Cobb x Cobb broilers offered water in the range 10.0ºC to 43.3ºC by Beker and Teeter (1994).There was no difference in survivability, not even when supplemented with 0.5% KCl.Okelo et al. (2003) also reported no difference in cumulative mortality of broilers given drinking water of different temperatures.Mortality was only lowered when the chilled water was carbonated.However, it must be borne in mind that breed, stress pattern and bird acclimatization strongly impact on such results.Other researchers adding different substances such as CO 2 , NH 4 Cl, HCl, Teeter (1994) had stated that efforts to increase feed consumption of broiler chickens during heat stress have been shown to decrease survival (Teeter, 1994).In this study, the chickens were not forced-fed and had simi-lar weekly feed intake (table IV).This may explain the similarity in survivability of the broilers.
Of the parts of the body and organs observed, spleen and wing were affected by water temperature.Cold water increased relative weights of spleen and lowered the wing compared with the birds offered water at ambient temperature.Information concerning the effects of corticosteroids similar to those produced under stress has shown that corticosteroids in poultry can cause atrophy of the spleen (Gross and Siegel, 1981;Rosales 1994).Spleen is an organ that creates lymphocytes for the destruction and recycling of old red-blood cells.This enabled birds offered cold water to cope with heat stress.Reduced wing will also help in heat dissipation through ventilation of the under skin.Cahaner (2008) had reported benefits of reduced feathering in heat dissipation in broilers.Reducing wings may also help in combating effects of heat stress in broiler chickens.Vitamin C addition to drinking water of broiler chickens increased relative weight of breast meat.This in agreement with the report of Mbajiorgu et al. (2007) that increasing ascorbic acid supplementation increased dressing percentage and breast meat yield at 42 days old Ross 308 broilers.Hot conditions negatively affect yield and quality of broiler breast meat (Leenstra and Cahaner, 1992;Sandercock et al., 2001).This finding shows that with addition of vitamin C to drinking water of broilers, this effect of heat stress could be ameliorated.

CONCLUSION
Cold water increased weekly and total weight gain, final liveweight and relative weight of spleen but reduced the weight of wings of broiler chickens compared with birds that received water at ambient temperature during hot-dry season.Addition of vitamin C to drinking water of broilers had no effect on growth rate but increased breast meat yield in broilers.

Table II .
Average temperature (ºC) of water supplied to the birds during the experimental period.(Temperatura media (ºC) del agua suministrada a las aves durante el periodo experimental).

Table IV .
Effects of water temperature and vitamin C supplementation on relative weight of body and internal organs (%) of broiler chickens reared during hot-dry season.(Efectodela temperatura del agua y la suplementación con vitamina C sobre el peso relativo del cuerpo y órganos internos (%) de pollos broiler criados durante la estación cálida-seca).