Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas

Is capsule colonoscopy the solution for incomplete conventional colonoscopy?

Therapeutic impact of colon capsule endoscopy with PillCam™ COLON 2 after incomplete standard colonoscopy: a Spanish multicenter study

Introduction: Colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) is an alternative approach for the examination of the colon in patients who refuse colonoscopy or after incomplete colonoscopy (IC). We conducted a study to determine the frequency of complete colonoscopy after IC, the diagnostic yield of CCE, the therapeutic impact of lesions found in CCE, the level of colon cleanliness and the safety of the procedure. Methods: We performed a prospective, multicenter study involving ten Spanish hospitals. Consecutive outpatients aged ≥ 18 years with previous IC were invited to participate. The latest version of the CCE device, PillCam™ COLON 2 (CCE-2), was administered to all patients according to the protocol. Results: The study population comprised 96 patients. The most frequent cause of IC was the inability to move past a loop using standard maneuvers (75/96 patients, 78%). Complete visualization of the colon was obtained with CCE-2 in 69 patients (71.9%). Of the 27 patients in whom the CCE-2 did not reach the hemorrhoidal plexus, it passed the colonic segment explored with the previous colonoscopy in 20 cases; therefore, it could be inferred that a combined approach (CCE-2 plus colonoscopy) enabled complete visualization of the colonic mucosa in 92.7% of patients. CCE-2 revealed new lesions in 58 patients (60.4%). Polyps were the most frequent finding (41 patients; 42.7% of the total number of patients). In 43 of the 58 patients (44.8% of the total number of patients), the new lesions observed led to modification of therapy, which included a new colonoscopy for polyp resection or surgery in patients with colonic neoplasm. Conclusions: CCE-2 is a suitable diagnostic procedure that can lead to more frequent diagnosis of significant colonic lesions after IC.

The use of the modified Neff classification in the management of acute diverticulitis

Introduction: Acute diverticulitis (AD) is increasingly seen in Emergency services. The application of a reliable classification is vital for its safe and effective management. Objective: To determine whether the combined use of the modified Neff radiological classification (mNeff) and clinical criteria (systemic inflammatory response syndrome [SIRS] and comorbidity) can ensure safe management of AD. Material and methods: Prospective descriptive study in a population of patients diagnosed with AD by computerized tomography (CT). The protocol applied consisted in the application of the mNeff classification and clinical criteria of SIRS and comorbidity to guide the choice of outpatient treatment, admission, drainage or surgery. Results: The study was carried out from February 2010 to February 2016. A total of 590 episodes of AD were considered: 271 women and 319 men, with a median age of 60 years (range: 25-92 years). mNeff grades were as follows: grade 0 (408 patients 70.6%); 376/408 (92%) were considered for home treatment; of these 376 patients, 254 (67.5%) were discharged and controlled by the Home Hospitalization Unit; 33 returned to the Emergency Room for consultation and 22 were re-admitted; the success rate was 91%. Grade Ia (52, 8.9%): 31/52 (59.6%) were considered for outpatient treatment; of these 31 patients, 11 (35.5%) were discharged; eight patients returned to the Emergency Room for consultation and five were re-admitted. Grade Ib (49, 8.5%): five surgery and two drainage. Grade II (30, 5.2%): ten surgery and four drainage. Grade III (5, 0.9%): one surgery and one drainage. Grade IV (34, 5.9%): ten patients showed good evolution with conservative treatment. Of the 34 grade IV patients, 24 (70.6%) underwent surgery, and three (8.8%) received percutaneous drainage. Conclusions: The mNeff classification is a safe, easy-to-apply classification based on CT findings. Together with clinical data and comorbidity data, it allows better management of AD.

Introducción: la diverticulitis aguda (DA) es cada vez más frecuente en los servicios de Urgencias. Es necesario un manejo seguro y eficaz con criterios de clasificación que permitan un tratamiento dirigido. Objetivo: verificar que la clasificación radiológica de Neff modificada (mNeff) asociada a criterios clínicos (síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria [SIRS] y comorbilidad) permite un manejo seguro de la DA. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo prospectivo en una población de pacientes diagnosticados de DA mediante tomografía computarizada (TC). El protocolo consiste en la aplicación de la clasificación de mNeff y criterios clínicos de SIRS y comorbilidad que permiten tratamiento ambulatorio, ingreso, drenaje o cirugía. Resultados: el estudio comprende el periodo de febrero de 2010 a febrero de 2016, con un total de 590 episodios de DA en 271 mujeres y 319 hombres, con una edad mediana de 60 años (rango: 25-92 años). Grados de mNeff: grado 0 (408 pacientes, 70,6%): 376/408 (92%) tributarios a tratamiento domiciliario; alta 254/376 (67,5%); reconsultaron 33 pacientes y 22 reingresaron; éxito: 91%. Grado Ia (52, 8,9%): 31/52 (59,6%) tributarios a tratamiento ambulatorio; alta 11/31 (35,5%); reconsultaron ocho e ingresaron cinco. Grado Ib (49, 8,5%): cinco cirugías y dos drenajes. Grado II (30, 5,2%): diez cirugías y cuatro drenajes. Grado III (5, 0,9%): una cirugía y un drenaje. Grado IV (34, 5,9%): diez pacientes con buena evolución con tratamiento conservador; 24/34 (70,6%) fueron intervenidos; colocamos 3/34 (8,8%) drenajes percutáneos. Conclusión: la clasificación de mNeff es una clasificación segura y aplicable basada en los hallazgos radiológicos de la TC. Junto con datos clínicos y de comorbilidad, permite un mejor manejo del cuadro de DA.

The utility of the macro-aggregated albumin lung perfusion scan in the diagnosis and prognosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome in cirrhotic patients candidates for liver transplantation

Background: The macro-aggregated albumin lung perfusion scan (99mTc-MAA) is a diagnostic method for hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS). Aim: To determine the sensitivity of 99mTc-MAA in diagnosing HPS, to establish the utility of 99mTc-MAA in determining the influence of HPS on hypoxemia in patients with concomitant pulmonary disease and to determine the correlation between 99mTc-MAA values and other respiratory parameters. Methods: Data from 115 cirrhotic patients who were eligible for liver transplantation (LT) were prospectively analyzed. A transthoracic contrast echocardiography and 99mTc-MAA were performed in 85 patients, and 74 patients were diagnosed with HPS. Results: The overall sensitivity of 99mTc-MAA for the diagnosis of HPS was 18.9% (14/74) in all of the HPS cases and 66.7% (4/6) in the severe to very severe cases. In HPS patients who did not have lung disease, the degree of brain uptake of 99mTc-MAA was correlated with the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (A-a PO2) (r = 0.32, p < 0.05) and estimated oxygen shunt (r = 0.41, p < 0.05) and inversely correlated with partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) while breathing 100% O2 (r = -0.43, p < 0.05). The 99mTc-MAA was positive in 20.6% (7/36) of the patients with HPS and lung disease. The brain uptake of 99mTc-MAA was not associated with mortality and normalized in all cases six months after LT. Conclusions: The 99mTc-MAA is a low sensitivity test for the diagnosis of HPS that can be useful in patients who have concomitant lung disease and in severe to very severe cases of HPS. It was not related to mortality, and brain uptake normalized after LT.

Autochthonous acute hepatitis E: an increasingly frequent diagnosis. Clinical-epidemiological analysis of our experience

Background: In Europe, acute hepatitis caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) traditionally was an infection found in people who had travelled to endemic zones, mainly Asia and Africa. However, a growing number of sporadic autochthonous cases are now being diagnosed in the Western world. Objective: To analyze the cases of acute HEV hepatitis diagnosed in our setting, with the identification of the clinical-epidemiological characteristics. Material and methods: We included the cases of acute HEV hepatitis diagnosed (positive anti-HEV IgM and/or HEV RNA present in serum) between January 2008 and December 2014. Different clinical, epidemiological and evolutive parameters were analyzed. Results: A total of 23 patients were identified, all originating from Spain. Fourteen cases (60.87%) presented jaundice and marked cytolysis at the time of diagnosis (aspartate aminotransferase [AST] 1,106.91 U/l and alanine aminotransferase [ALT] 1,407.04 U/l). Twenty-two cases were regarded as autochthonous, and one patient had travelled to China three months before. The mean time to resolution was 11.2 weeks. Some autoimmune markers were positive in 43.5% of the patients. Two subjects were diagnosed with previous chronic liver disease and were classified as "acute-on-chronic liver failure" (ACLF), one died and the other underwent liver transplantation. Conclusion: Acute HEV hepatitis in our setting is an autochthonous condition that is probably underdiagnosed, manifesting with jaundice and cytolysis. Autoimmune marker positivity is an epiphenomenon, which in some cases complicates the diagnosis.

Antecedentes: la hepatitis aguda por virus de la hepatitis E (VHE) en Europa era tradicionalmente una infección adquirida por personas que viajaban a zonas endémicas, fundamentalmente Asia y África. Actualmente, cada vez es mayor el número de casos autóctonos esporádicos diagnosticados en Occidente. Objetivo: analizar los casos diagnosticados de hepatitis aguda por virus hepatitis E (VHE) en nuestro medio, identificando las características clínicas-epidemiológicas. Material y método: se recogieron los casos diagnosticados de hepatitis aguda por VHE (IgM anti-VHE positiva y/o ARN-VHE presente en suero) desde enero de 2008 a diciembre 2014. Se analizaron diversas variables clínicas y epidemiológicas y la evolución posterior. Resultados: se encontraron 23 casos, todos ellos naturales de España. Catorce sujetos (60,87%) presentaban ictericia en el momento del diagnóstico y marcada citolisis (aspartato aminotransferasa [AST] 1.106,91 U/l y alanina aminotransferasa [ALT] 1.407,04 U/l). Veintidós casos fueron considerados autóctonos y uno había realizado un viaje a China tres meses antes. El tiempo medio de resolución fue de 11,2 semanas. En total, diez pacientes (43,5%) mostraban algún marcador de autoinmunidad positivo. Dos sujetos estaban diagnosticados de enfermedad hepática crónica previa y fueron catalogados como "acute-on-chronic liver failure" (ACLF); uno de ellos finalizó en exitus y el otro, en trasplante hepático. Conclusión: la hepatitis aguda por VHE en nuestro medio es una entidad autóctona, probablemente infradiagnosticada, que se manifiesta con ictericia y citolisis. La presencia de marcadores de autoinmunidad positivos supone un epifenómeno que en ocasiones dificulta su diagnóstico.

Multicenter study on the safety of bariatric endoscopy

Introduction: Bariatric endoscopy includes a series of specific techniques focused on the management of obese patients. As a quality criterion, safety as expressed by a minimal incidence of serious complications is required in addition to efficacy. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, multicenter review of the experience recorded at seven hospitals included in the Grupo Español de Endoscopia Bariátrica (GETTEMO) in order to document the incidence, cause, and resolution (including legal consequences) of serious complications reported for each bariatric technique, and according to endoscopist expertise. Results: In all, 6,771 bariatric endoscopic procedures were collected, wherein 57 serious complications (0.84%) were identified. Balloons: Orbera®-Medsil®, 5/5,589; Spatz2® (older model): 44/225; Heliosphere®: 1/70; Obalon®: 0/107. Sutures: POSE®, 5/679; sleeve gastroplasty with Apollo® system: 0/55. Prostheses: Endobarrier®: 2/46. All complications were resolved with medical/endoscopic management except for five cases (0.07%) that required surgery. A single lawsuit occurred (esophageal perforation with Spatz2® balloon), which had a favorable outcome. There was no mortality, and apparently no differences were found according to endoscopist expertise level. Conclusions: In our multicenter experience, bariatric endoscopy may be considered as a safe procedure (0.84% of serious complications in all). However, some devices may induce a higher proportion of complications, such as 19.55% for Spatz2® balloons (already replaced) or 4.34% for Endobarrier® (at the upper limit of accepted safety), although our experience with the latter is limited. All complications were resolved with conservative medical management, and only exceptionally required surgery (0.07%). No technique-related mortality was seen, and only one lawsuit occurred. Further evolutionary studies are required on the novel endoscopic techniques presently emerging to authenticate our results.

Introducción: la endoscopia bariátrica abarca una serie de técnicas específicas encaminadas al tratamiento del paciente obeso. Como criterios de calidad, además de eficacia debe exigirse seguridad, expresada por una mínima incidencia de complicaciones graves. Métodos: revisión descriptiva y retrospectiva, multicéntrica, incluyendo la experiencia de siete hospitales que forman parte del Grupo Español de Endoscopia Bariátrica (GETTEMO) para documentar la incidencia, causa y resolución (y sus consecuencias médico-legales) de las complicaciones graves detectadas con cada una de las distintas técnicas de endoscopia bariátrica, diferenciadas además en función de la experiencia del endoscopista. Resultados: se recogieron 6.771 procedimientos endoscópicos bariátricos, entre los que se detectaron 57 complicaciones graves (0,84%). Balones: Orbera®-Medsil®: 5/5.589; Spatz2® (modelo antiguo): 44/225; Heliosphere®: 1/70; O'balon®: 0/107. Suturas: POSE®: 5/679; gastroplastia en manga con sistema Apollo®: 0/55. Prótesis: Endobarrier®: 2/46. Todas ellas se resolvieron con tratamiento médico/endoscópico, excepto cinco casos (0,07%) que requirieron cirugía. Existió una única demanda judicial (perforación esofágica con balón Spatz2®), con resolución judicial favorable. No hubo mortalidad ni aparentemente diferencias en relación con la experiencia de los endoscopistas. Conclusiones: en nuestra experiencia multicéntrica, la endoscopia bariátrica puede considerarse un procedimiento seguro (0,84% total de complicaciones graves). Sin embargo, algunos dispositivos pueden presentar un mayor porcentaje de complicaciones, como en el 19,55% de balones Spatz2® (ya sustituido) o en el 4,34% del Endobarrier® (en el límite alto de la seguridad aceptada), aunque en este dispositivo nuestra casuística es limitada. Todas las complicaciones se resolvieron con tratamiento médico conservador, requiriendo cirugía solo de forma excepcional (0,07%). No se observó mortalidad relacionada con las técnicas y solo un único caso de demanda judicial. Se requieren más estudios evolutivos de las novedosas técnicas endoscópicas emergentes que corroboren estos resultados.

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystadenomas: current status and recommendations

The real prevalence of pancreatic cystic lesions remains unknown. The malignant potential of some of these lesions remains a cause for significant concern. Thus, it is mandatory to develop a strategy to clearly discriminate those cysts with a potential for malignant transformation from those that do not carry any significant risk. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystadenomas are mucinous cystic neoplasms with a known malignant potential that have gained greater recognition in recent years. However, despite the numerous studies that have been carried out, their differential diagnosis among other cysts subtypes and their therapeutic approach continue to be a challenge for clinicians. This review contains a critical approach of the current recommendations and management strategies regarding intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystadenomas, as well as highlighting the limitations exposed in current guidelines.

La prevalencia real de las lesiones quísticas de páncreas sigue siendo una incógnita. El potencial de malignidad de algunas de estas lesiones supone una causa de preocupación significativa en la práctica clínica diaria. Por lo tanto, es necesario determinar una estrategia para poder discriminar claramente los quistes potencialmente malignos de aquellos que no suponen ningún tipo de riesgo. Los tumores papilares mucinosos intraductales y los cistoadenomas mucinosos son neoplasias quísticas mucinosas potencialmente malignas que han ido ganando mayor importancia y reconocimiento en los últimos años. Sin embargo, pese a los múltiples estudios que se han realizado hasta la fecha, su diagnóstico diferencial respecto a otros subtipos de quistes, así como su manejo terapéutico, continúan suponiendo un reto. Este manuscrito contiene una revisión crítica de las recomendaciones actuales y de las estrategias en el manejo de los tumores papilares mucinosos intraductales y los cistoadenomas mucinosos, así como hace hincapié en las limitaciones de las guías actuales.

A rare cause of emphysematous infectious gastritis

Hepatopulmonary syndrome with large pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: CT findings with emphasis on its association with a mosaic pattern of the lung parenchyma

Extrinsic esophageal compression by the vertebral body

Esophageal perforation by a Sengstaken balloon

Omental torsion: an infrequent cause of abdominal pain

Cystic duct cyst lesions (type VI)

Presentation of a malignant peritoneal mesothelioma in the form of rough hepatic calcifications

Hepatocellular carcinoma in a non-failing Fontan circulation

An unusual cause of Boerhaave's syndrome in a young patient

Choledochocele as an atypical cause of relapsing acute pancreatitis: diagnosis and endoscopic treatment

Adrenal metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of the right adrenal gland

Does it "ring" a Brunner's gland bell?

Cutaneous necrosis secondary to terlipressin therapy. A rare but serious side effect: case report and literature review

Terlipressin is a vasopressin analogue used in esophageal variceal bleeding and hepatorenal syndrome management. It is a safe drug with mild secondary effects. However, potentially serious ischemic complications may occur, such as cutaneous necrosis. It is useful to recognize these events early, in order to withdraw terlipressin and introduce other adjuvant drugs if needed. We report a detailed case of cutaneous necrosis secondary to terlipressin administration and present a case review of patients, describing their characteristics, risk factors, lesion locations, doses, methods of administration and possible treatments.

La terlipresina es un análogo de la vasopresina, utilizado tanto en el tratamiento de la hemorragia por varices esofágicas como en el síndrome hepatorrenal. En general es un fármaco seguro, con efectos secundarios leves. Sin embargo, en ocasiones pueden ocurrir complicaciones isquémicas potencialmente graves, como la necrosis cutánea, que es necesario reconocer de forma precoz para realizar la retirada inmediata del fármaco. Presentamos el caso de una paciente que presentó necrosis cutánea extensa secundaria a la administración de terlipresina, y realizamos una revisión de los casos publicados, describiendo sus características, posibles factores de riesgo, localización de las lesiones, dosis recibida, forma de administración y posibles tratamientos.

Intrahepatic clear cell cholangiocarcinoma: an uncommon histologic subtype: case report and literature review

Clear-cell cholangiocarcinoma is a very uncommon variant of cholangiocarcinoma with a largely unknown natural history and prognosis. We report a case of a 51-year-old previously healthy woman presenting with a large liver nodule found on routine imaging. Needle biopsy of the lesion suggested a non-hepatocellular carcinoma. After extensive workup for other primary neoplasms, the patient underwent a partial hepatectomy. Histopathology was compatible with a moderately differentiated clear-cell cholangiocarcinoma. There was no evidence of liver disease in the remaining tissue. The patient underwent chemotherapy and remains in clinical remission after two years.

Waldmann's disease: a rare cause of protein losing enteropathy in an adult patient

Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia or Waldmann's disease is an uncommon cause of protein losing enteropathy with an unknown etiology and is usually diagnosed during childhood. It is characterized by dilation and leakage of intestinal lymph vessels leading to hypoalbuminemia, hypogammaglobulinemia and lymphopenia. Differential diagnosis should include erosive and non-erosive gastrointestinal disorders, conditions involving mesenteric lymphatic obstruction and cardiovascular disorders that increase central venous pressure. Since there are no accurate serological or radiological available tests, enteroscopy with histopathological examination based on intestinal biopsy specimens is currently the gold standard diagnostic modality of intestinal lymphangiectasia. We report a rare case of a primary intestinal lymphangiectasia in a 60-year-old Caucasian female who presented with asymptomatic hypoalbuminemia and hypogammaglobulinemia. After the diagnosis of a protein losing enteropathy, the patient underwent an enteroscopy and biopsies were taken, whose histological examination confirmed dilated intestinal lymphatics with broadened villi of the small bowel. Secondary causes of intestinal lymphangiectasia were excluded and the diagnosis of Waldmann's disease was recorded. The patient was put on a high-protein and low-fat diet with medium-chain triglyceride supplementation with improvement.

Severe acute hepatitis and cold agglutinin-related hemolytic anemia secondary to prime infection with Epstein-Barr virus

Epstein-Barr virus, a member of the Herpesviridae family, is responsible for the infectious mononucleosis clinical syndrome, which mainly includes the pharyngitis, fever, and lymphadenopathy triad after incubation for 30-50 days. The liver is involved in 80-90% of patients in a self-limiting transient manner, with jaundice being much more uncommon (5%). From a hematological standpoint it may manifest aplastic anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. We report a case of infectious mononucleosis that included severe acute hepatitis and was associated with severe hemolytic anemia secondary to cold agglutinins. After exclusion of other etiologies, and given the clinical suspicion of the above association, which was later confirmed by lab tests, empiric therapy was initiated with antiviral agents (aciclovir + valganciclovir) and corticoids, which resulted in a progressive clinical improvement until complete remission. Therefore, we believe that this case report will reinforce the clinical evidence in support of the above combined therapy for serious infectious mononucleosis as a step prior to liver transplantation.

El virus Ebstein-Barr, miembro de la familia Herpesviridae, es responsable del síndrome clínico conocido como mononucleosis infecciosa, que consiste principalmente en la triada faringitis, fiebre y linfadenopatía, tras un periodo de incubación de entre 30 y 50 días. La afectación hepática suele darse en el 80-90% de los pacientes de forma autolimitada y transitoria, mientras que es bastante menos frecuente que se produzca ictericia (5%). Desde el punto de vista hematológico puede cursar con anemia hemolítica, anemia aplásica, neutropenia y trombocitopenia. Presentamos un caso clínico de mononucleosis infecciosa que cursó con hepatitis aguda grave y asoció anemia hemolítica severa secundaria a crioaglutininas. Tras descartar otras etiologías y ante la sospecha clínica y posterior confirmación analítica de la asociación antes mencionada, se instauró tratamiento empírico con antivirales (aciclovir + valganciclovir) y corticoides, objetivando mejoría progresiva hasta la resolución completa del cuadro clínico. Creemos, por tanto, que este caso sirve para reforzar el cuerpo de evidencia clínica que apoya esta terapia conjunta en los casos más graves de mononucleosis infecciosa como paso previo al trasplante hepático.

The first description of the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase bla_SHV-12 gene in a Salmonella monophasic Typhimurium strain isolated from acute gastroenteritis in a kidney transplant recipient in Southeast Spain

Fecal microbiota transplantation: **is there a role in the eradication of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae intestinal carriage?**

POEMS syndrome and idiopathic portal hypertension: a possible association

Eosinophilic esophagitis and herpetic esophagitis: cause or consequence?

Meckel's diverticulum perforated by a fishbone: an unusual presentation

Agenesis of the dorsal pancreas associated with mucinous cysts and chronic calcific non-alcoholic pancreatitis