Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas

A new open door for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS); the colon

Echoendoscopic characterization of the human colon

Purpose: To characterize colon and rectum walls, pericolic and perirectal spaces, using endoscopic ultrasonography miniprobes. Methods: Sixty individuals (50% males), aged 18-80, were included. Using 12 and 20 MHz endoscopic ultrasonography miniprobes, all different colon segments (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid) and rectum were evaluated according to the number and thickness of the different layers in intestinal wall, to the presence and (largest) diameter of vessels in the submucosa and of peri-intestinal nodes. Results: The 20 MHz miniprobe identified a higher number of layers than the 12 MHz miniprobe, with medians of 7 and 5 respectively (p < 0.001). The rectal wall (p = 0.001), its muscularis propria (p < 0.001) and mucosa (p = 0.01) were significantly thicker than the different segments of the colon, which had no significant differences between them. Patients aged 41-60 presented thicker colonic wall and muscularis propria in descending (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004) and rectum (p=0.01 and p=0.01). Submucosal vessels were identified in 30% of individuals in descending and rectum, and in 12% in ascending. Adenopathies were observed in 9% of the colon segments and 5% in rectum. Conclusions: A higher frequency enabled the identification of a higher number of layers. Rectal wall is thicker than the one from all the segments of the colon and there are no differences between these, namely in the ascending colon. Moreover, peri-intestinal adenopathies were rarely identified but present in asymptomatic individuals. All together, these results describe for the first time features which are relevant during staging and therapeutic management of colonic lesions.

Validation of the Glasgow-Blatchford Scoring System to predict mortality in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a hospital of Lima, Peru (June 2012-December 2013)

Background and aim: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a major cause of hospitalization and the most prevalent emergency worldwide, with a mortality rate of up to 14%. In Peru, there have not been any studies on the use of the Glasgow-Blatchford Scoring System to predict mortality in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The aim of this study is to perform an external validation of the Glasgow-Blatchford Scoring System and to establish the best cutoff for predicting mortality in upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a hospital of Lima, Peru. Methods: This was a longitudinal, retrospective, analytical validation study, with data from patients with a clinical and endoscopic diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding treated at the Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Unit of the Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins between June 2012 and December 2013. We calculated the area under the curve for the receiver operating characteristic of the Glasgow-Blatchford Scoring System to predict mortality with a 95% confidence interval. Results: A total of 339 records were analyzed. 57.5% were male and the mean age (standard deviation) was 67.0 (15.7) years. The median of the Glasgow-Blatchford Scoring System obtained in the population was 12. The ROC analysis for death gave an area under the curve of 0.59 (95% CI 0.5-0.7). Stratifying by type of upper gastrointestinal bleeding resulted in an area under the curve of 0.66 (95% CI 0.53-0.78) for non-variceal type. Conclusions: In this population, the Glasgow-Blatchford Scoring System has no diagnostic validity for predicting mortality.

Antecedentes y propósito del estudio: la hemorragia digestiva alta es una causa importante de ingreso hospitalario y constituye la principal emergencia gastroenterológica, con una tasa de mortalidad de hasta el 14%. En el Perú no existen estudios sobre el uso de la escala de Glasgow-Blatchford para predecir mortalidad por hemorragia digestiva alta. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar la validación externa de la escala de Glasgow-Blatchford y establecer su mejor punto de corte para predecir mortalidad por hemorragia digestiva alta en un hospital de Lima, Perú. Métodos: estudio de validación diagnóstica, analítico, longitudinal, de tipo retrospectivo, con datos de pacientes con diagnóstico clínico y endoscópico de hemorragia digestiva alta atendidos en la Unidad de Hemorragia Digestiva del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, entre junio de 2012 y diciembre de 2013. Calculamos el área bajo la curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic) de la escala de Glasgow-Blatchford para predecir mortalidad, con un intervalo de confianza al 95%. Resultados: un total de 339 registros fueron analizados. El 57,5% fueron varones y la edad media (desviación estándar) fue de 67,0 (15,7) años. La mediana de la escala de Glasgow-Blatchford obtenida en la población fue de 12. El análisis ROC para mortalidad dio un área bajo la curva de 0,59 (IC95% 0,5-0,7). Se estratificó por tipo de hemorragia digestiva alta, obteniendo un área bajo la curva de 0,66 (IC95% 0,53-0,78) para el tipo no variceal. Conclusiones: en la población estudiada, la escala de Glasgow-Blatchford no posee una validez diagnóstica adecuada para predecir mortalidad.

**Sphincterotomy plus large balloon dilation versus sphincterotomy alone for the extraction of complex lithiasis: a prospective analysis**

Background and purpose: Mid-size sphincterotomy associated with large balloon dilation is an alternative to wide sphincterotomy to remove complex lithiases. However, which of the two techniques is most effective remains unclear. Hence, we conducted this study to compare both methods prospectively. Method: Since January 2012 until March 2014, 133 consecutive patients with complex stones were included. Group A underwent mid-size sphincterotomy associated with large balloon dilation and group B underwent wide sphincterotomy alone. Success rates were assessed for: Extraction of stones, ductal patency rate, the use of mechanical lithotripsy, dose, time and dose per radioscopy area as well as procedure-related complications. Results: Group A comprised 44 patients and group B comprised 69 patients. Overall success rate for extraction was 86.4% in group A and 70% in group B (p = 0.069). In giant lithiasis, effective extraction was 89.3% in group A and 58.6% in group B (p = 0.019). Use of mechanical lithotripsy was 15.9% and 30.4%, respectively (p = 0.142). Total radiotherapy dose was 39.8 mGy vs. 26.2 mGy, respectively (p = 0.134). Complications occurred in 6.8% and 5.5% of the procedures in each group, without significant differences among them (p = 0.856). Conclusion: Sphincterotomy plus large balloon dilation is more effective and equally safe than conventional sphincterotomy for the management of giant main bile duct lithiasis.

Antecedentes y propósito: la esfinterotomía mediana asociada a dilatación con balones de grandes volúmenes es una alternativa a la esfinterotomía amplia en la remoción de litiasis complejas pero no resulta claro cuál de las dos técnicas es más efectiva. Nosotros comparamos ambos métodos de manera prospectiva. Método: desde enero de 2012 hasta marzo de 2014 se incluyeron en forma consecutiva 133 pacientes con litiasis complejas. Al grupo A se le realizó esfinterotomía mediana asociada a dilatación con balones de grandes volúmenes y al grupo B esfinterotomía amplia. Se evaluaron las tasas de éxito en la extracción de litiasis, tasa de permeabilidad ductal, la utilización de litotripcia mecánica, dosis, tiempo y dosis por área de la radioscopia y complicaciones vinculadas al procedimiento. Resultados: el grupo A tuvo 44 pacientes y el grupo B 69. La tasa de éxito global en la extracción fue de 86,4% en el grupo A y 70% en el grupo B (p = 0,069). En las litiasis gigantes la efectividad en la extracción fue de 89,3% en el grupo A y 58,6% en el grupo B (p = 0,019). El porcentaje de utilización de litotripcia mecánica fue de 15,9% y 30,4%, respectivamente (p = 0,142). La dosis total de radiación fue de 39,8 mGy vs. 26,2 mGy, respectivamente (p = 0,134). Se presentaron complicaciones en el 6,8% y 5,5% de los procedimientos de cada grupo sin diferencias significativas (p = 0,856). Conclusión: la técnica de esfinterotomía con dilatación resulta más efectiva e igualmente segura que la esfinterotomía convencional en el manejo de la coledocolitiasis gigante.

Hilar bile duct tumors: Endoscopic or percutaneous drainage?: a prospective analysis

Background and objective: Both the endoscopic and the percutaneous approach are widely accepted for the drainage of hilar tumors. Our primary objective was to report on the effectiveness and complications of these procedures. Methods: Prospective observational analysis of the endoscopic and/or percutaneous management of all hilar tumors treated at a referral hospital from October 2011 until October 2014. Group A included patients treated endoscopically and group B included patients treated with percutaneous drainage. The following variables were assessed: Effective biliary drainage rate, survival time and complications. Results: Group A comprised 40 patients and group B, 22 patients. Overall success rate in achieving effective biliary drainage was 85% in group A and 90.9% in group B (p = 0.78). Five patients required a combined approach. In group A, the rate of effective drainage in patients with Bismuth IV-type tumors was 58.3%, while it was 81.8% in patients in group B (p = 0.44). There was no difference in mean survival between both groups. For group A, complication rate was 11.5%, whereas it was 2.94% for group B (p = 0.41). Conclusions: Endoscopic and percutaneous biliary drainage are both effective methods for the palliative treatment of patients with hilar tumors. However, for Bismuth IV-type strictures, percutaneous drainage proved to be safer and more effective.

Antecedentes y objetivo: existen dos técnicas válidas para el drenaje de los tumores hiliares: el abordaje endoscópico y el percutáneo. Nuestro objetivo primario fue reportar la efectividad y las complicaciones de estos procedimientos. Métodos: análisis prospectivo observacional referido al manejo endoscópico y/o percutáneo de todos los tumores hiliares intervenidos en un hospital de tercer nivel desde octubre de 2011 a octubre de 2014. El grupo A representó a los pacientes abordados endoscópicamente, y el grupo B incluyó aquellos con drenaje percutáneo. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: tasa de drenaje biliar efectivo, tiempo de sobrevida y complicaciones. Resultados: el grupo A tuvo 40 pacientes y el grupo B 22. La tasa de éxito global en lograr un drenaje biliar efectivo fue del 85% en el grupo A y del 90,9% en el grupo B (p = 0,78). En cinco pacientes se requirió un abordaje combinado. La efectividad del grupo A en el drenaje de pacientes con tumores tipo Bismuth IV fue del 58,3%, mientras que el grupo B alcanzó el 81,8% (p = 0,44). La sobrevida media de los pacientes no presentó diferencias estadísticas entre ambos grupos. En el grupo A la tasa de complicaciones alcanzó un 11,5% mientras que en el B fue de 2,94% (p = 0,41). Conclusiones: el drenaje biliar endoscópico y el percutáneo son métodos efectivos en el tratamiento paliativo de los tumores hiliares. Sin embargo, en estenosis tipo Bismuth IV, el drenaje percutáneo resultó más efectivo y seguro.

Diagnosis agreement between capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding at a referral center

Background and aim: Capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy are well-recognized procedures in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, with many factors that may influence their diagnosis yield. The aim of the present study was to characterize the degree of agreement between both techniques with focus on the type of lesion in a large cohort of patients at a referral center. Material and method: One thousand two hundred and nine capsules were administered in 1,078 patients and 381 enteroscopies were performed in 361 patients with obscure-gastrointestinal bleeding from 2004 to 2014. Results: Both procedures were carried out in 332 patients (mean age: 65.22 ± 15.41, 183 men) and they have a similar diagnosis yield (70.5% vs. 69.6%, p = 0.9). Overall enteroscopy diagnosis yield was higher within patients with a previous positive capsule endoscopy (79.3% vs. 27.9%, p < 0.001). The degree of agreement was very good for polyps (0.89 [95% CI: 0.78-0.99]), good for vascular lesions (0.66 [95% CI: 0.55-0.77]) and tumors (0.66 [95% CI: 0.55-0.76]) and moderate for ulcers (0.56 [95% CI: 0.46-0.67]). Diverticula (0.39 [95% CI: 0.29-0.5]) achieved a fair agreement. The results of CE and DBE differed in 73 patients (22%). Conclusions: The present study confirms that although overall diagnostic yield by capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy is similar, there are many factors which can modify these values, mainly the type of lesion.

Introducción y objetivo: la capsula endoscópica y la enteroscopia de doble balón son técnicas de reconocido valor en el estudio de la hemorragia digestiva media, habiendo numerosos factores que pueden afectar a su rendimiento diagnóstico. El objetivo del presente estudio es el de caracterizar y definir los niveles de concordancia entre ambas focalizando en el tipo de lesión, en una gran cohorte de pacientes de un centro de referencia. Material y método: entre los años 2004-2014 se administraron 1.209 cápsulas en 1.078 pacientes y se realizaron 381 enteroscopias en 361 pacientes con hemorragia digestiva media. Resultados: en 332 pacientes (edad media: 65,22 ± 15,41, 183 hombres) se realizaron ambos procedimientos. Ambas técnicas tuvieron un rendimiento diagnóstico similar (70,5% vs. 69,6%, p = 0,9). El rendimiento diagnóstico global de la enteroscopia fue superior en pacientes con una cápsula previa positiva (79,3% vs. 27,9%, p < 0,001). La concordancia diagnóstica entre los resultados por cápsula y enteroscopia para cada lesión fue muy buena para pólipos (0,89 [95% IC: 0,78-0,99]), buena en las lesiones vasculares (0,66 [95% IC: 0,55-0,77]), tumores (0,66 [95% IC: 0,55-0,76]) y moderada para úlceras (0.56 [95% IC: 0,46-0,67]). Los divertículos (0,39 [95% IC: 0,29-0,5] tuvieron una concordancia razonable. Los resultados entre ambos procedimientos difirieron en 73 pacientes (22%). Conclusiones: el presente estudio evidencia que aunque el rendimiento de la cápsula endoscópica y la enteroscopia de doble balón de forma global sean similares, hay numerosos factores que pueden modificar estos valores, siendo el principal el tipo de lesión.

Management of fundic varices: endoscopic aspects

Intestinal intussusception as an atypical presentation of celiac disease

Overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to small bowel gastrointestinal stromal tumor diagnosed by videocapsule endoscopy

Fanconi syndrome and chronic renal failure in a chronic hepatitis B monoinfected patient treated with tenofovir

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is one of the first-line treatment options in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Despite its efficacy in suppressing viral load and a high resistance barrier, long life maintenance therapy is required. Registration studies demonstrated TDF to be a safe drug. However, post-marketing experience reported cases of serious nephrotoxicity associated with hypophosphatemia, osteomalacia and, even more recently, Fanconi syndrome associated with TDF therapy in CHB monoinfected patients. Here the authors report a case of a 40 year-old male, with a CHB monoinfection, that, three years after TDF therapy, developed a progressive chronic kidney disease with a serious hypophosphatemia and a secondary osteomalacia that was manifested by bone pain and multiple bone fractures. Further investigational analyses unveiled a proximal renal tubular dysfunction, which fulfilled most of the diagnostic criteria for a Fanconi syndrome. After TDF withdrawal and oral supplementation with phosphate and calcitriol, his renal function stabilized (despite not returning to normal), proximal renal tubular dysfunction abnormalities resolved as well as osteomalacia. In conclusion, physicians should be aware that, in CHB monoinfected patients under TDF therapy, serious renal damage is possible and preventable by timely monitoring serum creatinine and phosphate.

Sedación en endoscopia digestiva

Abdominal primary extra-gastrointestinal stromal tumor (E-GIST): a cytologic diagnosis in ascitic fluid

Extrahepatic shunt: unusual cause of hepatic encephalopathy

Retrorectal tumors: a diagnostic-therapeutic challenge

BAX as a suseptibility factor in hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer

Gastrointestinal manifestations in Cowden syndrome: screening recommendations

**Gastric adenocarcinoma associated with Helicobacter pylori in the pediatric setting**