Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas

Regímenes de limpieza del colon de bajo volumen para cápsula endoscópica

Eficacia del tratamiento con entecavir y factores predictivos de respuesta virológica

Introduction: Entecavir (ETV) is a potent inhibitor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. In patients adherent to treatment, virologic remission rates of > 95 % can be maintained with entecavir at 3-5 years Aim and methods: A cohort study was performed, including all subjects who received ETV for chronic hepatitis B, in the South-Eastern Romania. We assessed viral response, HBeAg loss and seroconversion, HBsAg loss and seroconversion, biochemical response. Comparison of categorical data was performed by χ2-test or Fisher's exact where applicable. Results: Data from 533 patients were available: predominantly males (64 %), 82.6 % nucleotide naive, 23.1 % HBe-Ag positive, 78.2 % with elevated ALT, 8 % with cirrhosis. The median follow-up was 24 months (range 12-48 months). Rate of undetectable HBV DNA increased constantly from year 1 to 3, reaching 91.2 %. Positive predictive factors for virologic response were low score of fibrosis (p-0.006), low level of HBV DNA (p-0.003), while negative predictive factors were: HBe antigen positive status (p-value < 0.001), prior IFN therapy (p 0.015). Virologic rebound was found in 7.8 % (breakthrough in 0.8 %). Rate of HBe Ag loss increases with the therapy duration, reaching 47.83 % in year 3,with two positive predictive factors: Male sex (p = 0.007), and undetectable HBV DNA at 24 weeks (p = 0.002). The percentage of HBs Ag loss was 1.31 %. Conclusions: ETV maintained and even increased the high initial response rate (from 78 % to 91.2 %). Low score of fibrosis, low level of HBV DNA, HBe antigen negative status, absence of prior interferon therapy predict a good virologic response. Virologic rebound was found in a higher rate in our population, due probably to a poor drug compliance. Lamivudine-resistant patients usually respond well to ETV, but 15.62 % are non-responders, suspect of Entecavir resistance.

Preparaciones para endoscopia del colon con cápsula: **estudio prospectivo, aleatorio y comparativo entre dos preparaciones del colon para cápsula endoscópica: 2 litros PEG + ácido ascórbico versus 4 litros PEG**

Introduction: PillCam© colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) enables the study of colonic diseases in a safe and non-invasive way, although there are aspects that need to be improved. Current methods of bowel preparation lead to discordant rates of adequate cleansing and CCE excretion. Aims: To compare the efficacy of colon cleansing using two different regimes (2L PEG plus ascorbic acid versus 4L PEG alone) for PillCam Colon (C2) capsule endoscopy. Methods: Fifty eight patients included in this prospective study and randomized to: Group A, PEG plus ascorbic acid regimen (n = 28, 12 F/16 M) or group B, PEG alone regimen (n = 30, 14 F/16 M). The degree of cleansing was categorized into "excellent-good" or "fair-poor", according to Leighton's recently published preparation scale. CCE excretion rate and colon cleansing were assessed. Patients underwent to PillCam colon of second generation (C2). Results: Cleansing was considered to be excellent-good in 78 % of cases in group A and in 64 % of cases in group B, with no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.252). Nevertheless, when the grade of cleansing was analyzed in segments, a significant difference was found in the cecum and transverse colon. No differences were observed in the bubble effect between preparations. The excretion rate was 93 % in group A versus 70 % in group B (p = 0.043). Conclusions: These results suggest that a 2L PEG plus ascorbic acid regimen is at least as effective as a 4L PEG regimen. This regimen may be considered an effective alternative which would improve compliance because a smaller volume is required.

Prevalencia y persistencia de náuseas y vómitos durante el embarazo

Background/aims: Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) impact in the pregnant woman's quality of life, especially when are persistent or severe. The objective is to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with the persistence of NVP in each trimester of pregnancy. Methods: We studied a cohort of 263 pregnant women with gestational age < 12 weeks. Data were collected using the Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Questionnaire validated for use in the Spanish population. Data were collected through telephone interviews at the end of each trimester of pregnancy. The main variable was the presence of NVP in each trimester and their persistence along the pregnancy. Results: The prevalence of nausea in the each trimester was 63.5 %, 33.8 %, 26.2 %, and vomiting was 29.3 %, 22.1 %, 14.1 %, respectively. Factors associated with nausea in the first trimester were Latin-American origin (OR: 3.60, 95 %IC 1.61-80.5) and primary education (OR: 0.31; 0.13-0.73); vomiting was associated with Latin-American origin (OR: 13.80, 1.82-104.4) and was inversely associated with weight gain (OR: 0.58, 0.35-0.97). Persistence of NVP were only associated with suffering the symptom in the previous trimester (p < 0.01), and did not find other predictor factors. Conclusions: NVP's prevalence declines along pregnancy, is associated with race and inversely with weight gain, and its persistence over time cannot be predicted.

MicroRNAs: mecanismo epigenético para estudiar la enfermedad celiaca

This article summarizes recent findings on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in biological processes associated with the regulation of chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. miRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that have been recently emerged as a new class of modulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNAs bind to complementary sequences of specific targets of messengers RNA, which can interfere with protein synthesis. We reviewed studies that evaluated the expression patterns of miRNAs in different autoimmune diseases, especially in celiac disease (CD). CD is a chronic enteropathy triggered by gluten proteins, characterized by altered immune responses in genetically susceptible individuals that results in damage to the bowel mucosa. CD has a high prevalence and an effective treatment by a specific diet ("gluten free diet"). Genetic factors confer susceptibility but do not explain the whole disease, suggesting that environmental factors do play a relevant role in the development of the condition. The evaluation of the potential role of miRNA is of particular interest in CD given that these epigenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases have been recently described. Improving our understanding of miRNAs in CD will contribute to clarify the role of altered epigenetic regulation in the development and course of this disease.

Este artículo pone al día los conceptos básicos de la enfermedad celiaca (EC) y resume los hallazgos sobre los microRNAs (miRNAs) en procesos biológicos asociados a la regulación de la inflamación crónica y autoinmunidad. Los miRNAs, una nueva clase de moduladores de la expresión génica a nivel post-traduccional, son moléculas de RNA pequeñas y no codificables que se unen a secuencias complementarias de RNAs mensajeros específicos, que pueden interferir con la síntesis de proteínas. Se revisaron los estudios publicados que evaluaron los patrones de expresión de miRNAs en diferentes Enfermedades Autoinmunes (EAI) y especialmente en la EC. La EC es una enteropatía crónica del intestino delgado provocada por proteínas del gluten, caracterizada por una respuesta inmune alterada en individuos genéticamente susceptibles, que se traduce en daño de la mucosa del intestino delgado. Esta enfermedad tiene una alta prevalencia y un tratamiento efectivo a través de una dieta libre de gluten. En la patogenia de esta enfermedad se ha demostrado que factores genéticos otorgan susceptibilidad, pero no explican el total de los casos. El estudio de la función de los miRNA es de particular interés en la EC, dado que este mecanismo epigenético ha sido recientemente descrito en la patogenia de las EAI e inflamatorias. El estudio de los miRNA en la EC contribuirá a dilucidar cómo alteraciones en la regulación epigenética participarían en el desarrollo y evolución de esta enfermedad.

**Células linfoides innatas y células T natural killer en el sistema inmune del tracto gastrointestinal**

The gastrointestinal tract is equipped with a highly specialized intrinsic immune system. However, the intestine is exposed to a high antigenic burden that requires a fast, nonspecific response -so-called innate immunity- to maintain homeostasis and protect the body from incoming pathogens. In the last decade multiple studies helped to unravel the particular developmental requirements and specific functions of the cells that play a role in innate immunity. In this review we shall focus on innate lymphoid cells, a newly discovered, heterogeneous set of cells that derive from an Id2-dependent lymphoid progenitor cell population. These cells have been categorized on the basis of the pattern of cytokines that they secrete, and the transcription factors that regulate their development and functions. Innate lymphoid cells play a role in the early response to pathogens, the anatomical contention of the commensal flora, and the maintenance of epithelial integrity. Amongst the various innate lymphoid cells we shall lay emphasis on a subpopulation with several peculiarities, namely that of natural killer T cells, a subset of T lymphocytes that express both T-cell and NK-cell receptors. The most numerous fraction of the NKT population are the so-called invariant NKT or iNKT cells. These iNKT cells have an invariant TCR and recognize the glycolipidic structures presented by the CD1d molecule, a homolog of class-I MHC molecules. Following activation they rapidly acquire cytotoxic activity and secrete both Th1 and Th2 cytokines, including IL-17. While their specific role is not yet established, iNKT cells take part in a great variety of intestinal immune responses ranging from oral tolerance to involvement in a number of gastrointestinal conditions.

El tracto gastrointestinal está equipado con un sistema inmune intrínseco altamente especializado. Sin embargo, el intestino soporta una gran carga antigénica que requiere de una respuesta rápida e inespecífica, denominada inmunidad innata, para mantener la homeostasis y proteger al organismo de la entrada de patógenos. En la última década, numerosos estudios han contribuido a desentrañar los requisitos particulares de desarrollo y las funciones específicas de las células que intervienen en la inmunidad innata. En esta revisión, nos centraremos en las células linfoides innatas, un nuevo y heterogéneo grupo de células derivadas de una población linfoide progenitora Id2-dependiente. Estas células han sido categorizadas en base al patrón de citocinas que producen y los factores de transcripción que regulan su desarrollo y funciones. Las células linfoides innatas intervienen en la respuesta temprana contra agentes patógenos, la contención anatómica de la flora comensal, y el mantenimiento de la integridad epitelial. Dentro de las distintas células linfoides innatas haremos especial hincapié en una subpoblación con diversas particularidades, las células T natural killer, un subtipo de linfocitos T que expresan receptores de células T y NK. La fracción más numerosa de células NKT son las denominadas NKT invariantes o iNKT. Las células iNKT, poseen un TCR invariante y reconocen estructuras glicolípidicas presentadas por la molécula CD1d, homóloga de MHC de clase I. Tras su activación, adquieren rápidamente actividad citotóxica y producen citocinas tanto Th1 como Th2, e incluso IL-17. Aunque su papel concreto no está determinado, las células iNKT intervienen en una gran variedad de respuestas inmunes intestinales, desde la tolerancia oral hasta su implicación en diversas patologías del tracto gastrointestinal.

Pseudomelanosis gástrica y duodenal: a propósito de dos casos

Colangitis aguda asociada a hemobilia en un paciente con cirrosis hepática y cavernomatosis portal

¿Se puede romper el círculo vicioso de la hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro o intratable en pacientes con fibrilación auricular subsidiarios de tratamiento anticoagulante?: rol del cierre percutáneo de la orejuela de la aurícula izquierda

Gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin or with an intractable cause is particularly common in patients with atrial fibrillation subject to oral anticoagulant therapy. This condition is highly recurrent and therefore gives rise to high morbidity and mortality rates, thus entailing a vicious cycle that is difficult to solve. Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure has become a therapeutic alternative for patients with atrial fibrillation and a contraindication for oral anticoagulation. This technique would allow the discontinuation of oral anticoagulants, thus helping to reduce the risk for gastrointestinal bleeding, and would also be protective against embolic events in this group of patients, thereby eventually breaking this vicious cycle. We report our experience with percutaneous left atrial appendage closure in the management of patients with atrial fibrillation who are subject to oral anticoagulation therapy and suffer from obscure or intractable gastrointestinal bleeding.

La hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro o de causa no tratable es especialmente frecuente en los pacientes con fibrilación auricular subsidiarios de tratamiento con anticoagulantes orales. Esta condición conlleva una elevada recurrencia, la cual acarrea una elevada morbi-mortalidad, constituyendo un círculo vicioso de difícil solución. El cierre percutáneo de la orejuela de la aurícula izquierda se ha mostrado como una técnica terapéutica alternativa en los pacientes con fibrilación auricular y contraindicación para el tratamiento con anticoagulantes orales. Esta técnica posibilitaría la retirada de la anticoagulación oral, ayudando a disminuir el riesgo de sangrado digestivo, y protegería contra los eventos embólicos en este grupo de pacientes, pudiendo romper finalmente este círculo vicioso. Aquí describimos nuestra experiencia en el cierre percutáneo de la orejuela de la aurícula izquierda para el manejo de los pacientes con fibrilación auricular tributarios de tratamiento con anticoagulantes orales y hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro o intratable.

Isquemia intestinal y consumo de cocaína: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura

Background: Amongst others, cocaine consumption has a detrimental effect in the vascular supply to the mesenteric area causing abdominal ischemic changes. Early recognition of these changes and adequate treatment are essential to avoid serious complications and possible death of the patient from sepsis. Case report: In this case study, the subject is a 40-years-old gentleman presenting with acute abdominal pain due to multiple ischemic changes in both small bowel and sigmoid loops. The patient required emergency surgical intervention consisting of bowel resection and anastomosis. The pathologic analysis of the segment showed transmural necrosis and necrotizing phlebitis caused by the ingestion of drugs or toxic agents. The patient later confirmed the habitual consumption of cocaine. Discussion: The increase in cocaine consumption and other recreational toxins substructed from erythroyilon coca alcaloids amongst young people have generated a large number of admissions to Hospital Accident and Emergency Departments with patients complaining of acute abdominal pain. In many of these cases, surgical intervention is required and in some cases patients will sadly die without a proper diagnosis. Some of the most common effects of cocaine and its compounds includes; hollow viscus perforation, gastro-intestinal bleed, and other vascular problems such as enteritis and ischemic colitis. It appears clear that there is a great need for an advance history taking of these patients and their habit to cocaine and other drugs together with a urine test for drug screening. These together with a suspicion of a non- occlusive ischemic bowel caused by the effects of cocaine in young adults with no cardiac risk factors will guide clinicians and establish, and plan the correct treatment for these categories of patients.

Introducción: entre los efectos nocivos del consumo de cocaína se incluyen los producidos a nivel de la vascularización mesentérica, instaurándose en forma de cuadros abdominales isquémicos de potencial gravedad que, si no son diagnosticados y tratados adecuada y precozmente, conllevan complicaciones serias e incluso a la muerte por sepsis. Caso clínico: presentamos el caso de un hombre de 40 años que fue intervenido de urgencias por abdomen agudo secundario a isquemia segmentaria múltiple de asas de delgado y sigmoides. Se realizó resección intestinal y anastomosis. La anatomía patológica del segmento describió hallazgos compatibles con necrosis transmural y flebitis necrotizante producida por el efecto de drogas o tóxicos; el paciente confirmó el consumo previo y habitual de cocaína. Discusión: la difusión entre la población generalmente joven, del consumo de este y de otros tóxicos derivados de los alcaloides de la Erythroyilon coca, ha condicionado un incremento de las consultas en urgencias por dolor abdominal agudo; generalmente, en muchos de estos casos, los pacientes se intervienen quirúrgicamente sin diagnóstico o lo que es más grave, fallecen sin el mismo. Entre los efectos adversos a nivel gastrointestinal de la cocaína y sus derivados, se encuentran la perforación de víscera hueca, la hemorragia digestiva, y los problemas vasculares en forma de enteritis y colitis isquémica. Sería aconsejable un interrogatorio minucioso sobre el consumo de cocaína y otras drogas o la solicitud de su presencia en orina, y la sospecha clínica de una isquemia intestinal no oclusiva originada por cocaína en aquellos adultos jóvenes sin factores de riesgo cardiovascular, sobre todo con vistas a planificar el correcto tratamiento.

Abscesos hepáticos

Aceruloplasminemia: una entidad a considerar en pacientes con anemia ferropénica

Obstrucción colónica secundaria a pancreatitis aguda

Estenosis anastomótica de gastroyeyunostomía derivativa resuelta con endoprótesis tipo yo-yo

Hematoma retroperitoneal en varón joven con enfermedad de Crohn en tratamiento con warfarina

Metástasis de carcinoma mamario lobulillar en sigma

Neoplasia intraductal papilar de la vía biliar: a propósito de un caso