Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas

Redes sociales online y enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal

Evaluación mediante las redes sociales de la información con la que cuentan los pacientes con EII

RESUMEN Antecedentes y objetivos: para que las decisiones asistenciales sean compartidas por médico y paciente, la información adecuada del paciente es necesaria. Pretendemos conocer la valoración que los pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) hacen de la información con la que cuentan, cómo consideran que les informa su médico, cómo usan internet y qué factores predicen esta mejor valoración de la información. Pacientes y métodos: hemos diseñado una encuesta de 39 ítems que se ha distribuido por internet, principalmente a través de una página española en Facebook. Resultados: hemos recibido 420 encuestas contestadas. Los pacientes puntuaron con un 8 sobre 10 la información con la que contaban y el 71% de ellos consideraba que el médico informaba bien o muy bien. Se detectaron deficiencias, como una información escasa en el momento del diagnóstico en el 58%; dudas después de la consulta en el 25%; deficiencia en la información relativa a las complicaciones de la EII, su evolución o aspectos relativos a la dieta; o la no participación del médico o farmacéutico en la recomendación de páginas de internet adecuadas. Los pacientes consideran internet una fuente de información por detrás del médico, de la asociación de pacientes y de otros pacientes. Los factores predictores independientes de la percepción de estar bien informados (puntuación de 8 o más sobre 10) fueron la edad (OR 1,539 [IC 1,047-2,261], p = 0,028), el nivel de estudios (OR 1,544 [IC 1,110-2,147], p = 0,010), el tiempo de evolución de la EII (OR 1,267 [IC 1,003-1,601], p = 0,047), e información buena o muy buena procedente del médico (OR 3,262 [IC 2,425-4,388], p < 0,001). Conclusiones: los pacientes consideran que están bien informados, pero hay aspectos mejorables como son la información dirigida a los pacientes más jóvenes, con un nivel académico menor, cuando el diagnóstico es reciente, en la información relativa a determinados aspectos de la EII que los pacientes consideran que no son suficientemente tratados, y en el asesoramiento por parte de los médicos de páginas web de calidad.

ABSTRACT Background and aims: patients need information for shared decision making. The aims of the study were to ascertain how patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) felt about the information available and the way that their doctors informed them. In addition, how patients used the internet and factors that predicted a positive information evaluation were also assessed. Method: a 39-item survey was designed that was distributed via the internet, principally using a Spanish Facebook site. Results: four hundred and twenty completed surveys were received. Patients rated the information available with a mean of 8 points (maximum of 10) and 71% felt that their doctor informed them well or very well. Various deficiencies were found such as little information available at the time of diagnosis (58%); doubts after seeing the specialist (70%); insufficient information about IBD complications, disease course and dietary aspects; and a lack of appropriate internet webpage recommendations from specialists or pharmacists. Patients ranked the internet fourth as an information source, followed by their specialist, patient associations and other patients. Independent predictive factors of feeling well informed (≥ 8) included age, OR 1.539 (CI 1.047-2.261), p = 0.028; education, OR 1.544 (CI 1.110-2.147), p = 0,010; IBD evolution time, OR 1.267 (CI 1.003-1,601), p = 0.047; and good or very good information from the specialist, OR 3.262 (CI 2.425-4.388), p < 0.001. Conclusions: patients generally felt that they were well informed. However, there were aspects that needed improvement, such as information for younger patients or a lower education level, the information provided at diagnosis, information about specific or insufficiently covered IBD aspects and suggestions from doctors about high quality websites.

Nutritional deficiency during colonoscopy preparation: the forgotten iatrogeny

ABSTRACT Background and aims: bowel preparation for colonoscopy induces a semi-fasting state, with a potential negative impact on fragile patients. The present study aims to quantify nutritional deficiency during colonoscopy preparation. Methods: this was an observational and cross-sectional study. A convenience sample was obtained that included adults that underwent colonoscopy after bowel preparation with Klean-Prep(r) according to the center protocol. Anthropometric evaluation was performed and nutritional deficiency was calculated via the quantification of energy and protein intake during the 48 hours prior to the examination which was compared with the individuals' needs. The association between nutritional deficiency with the quality of bowel preparation, age and status (hospitalized/ambulatory) was evaluated. Results: the study included 131 patients aged 21-91 years (mean 63.6 ± 13.2 years); 73 cases were male. Malnutrition reached 67.2% using specific anthropometric tools. A median preparation quality of six points was found when the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale was considered. The mean intake 48 hours prior to the procedure was 1,795 kcal and 100 g of protein. A daily energy intake of less than 50% of the individual needs was observed in 88 patients and less than 25% in 29 cases. The mean energy and protein deficiency were 59% (p < 0.01) and 45% (p < 0.01), and there was no correlation with preparation quality (p > 0.05). Nutritional deficiency is similar in hospitalized and ambulatory patients (p > 0.05), but higher in older individuals (p = 0.04). Conclusions: nutritional deficiency during colonoscopy preparation was significant, more so in older patients, and there was no correlation with the quality of bowel preparation. We conclude that bowel preparation regimens should be reformulated with an improved nutritional intake and the inclusion of nutritional supplements without residues.

Factores analíticos, antropométricos y dietéticos asociados al desarrollo de fibrosis en pacientes con enfermedad por hígado graso no alcohólico

RESUMEN Antecedentes: la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica (EHNA) mantenida en el tiempo puede conducir a estadios avanzados de enfermedad hepática y al desarrollo de hepatocarcinoma. Objetivos: evaluar los factores analíticos, antropométricos y dietéticos asociados a la presencia de fibrosis hepática, evento que más influye en supervivencia y evolución. Métodos: fueron estudiados setenta y seis pacientes diagnosticados de enfermedad por hígado graso no alcohólica mediante biopsia. Las biopsias fueron clasificadas según el NAS-score (Kleiner). Se obtuvieron parámetros analíticos, antropométricos y dietéticos y se calculó el índice no invasivo NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFLD-FS). Se determinaron los niveles séricos de leptina, adiponectina, resistina y TNF-alfa. Resultados: cincuenta y seis pacientes eran hombres (73,7%), con una edad media de 44,5 ± 11,3 años (19-68). Pacientes con fibrosis en biopsia: 39 (51,3%) (F1-F2: 84,6%; F3-4: 15,4%). Univariante: 17 mujeres (85%) presentaban fibrosis, frente a 22 hombres (39%) (p = 0,000). Los pacientes con fibrosis avanzada tenían mayor edad, menor recuento de plaquetas, menor albúmina sérica, mayor resistencia a la insulina (homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance, HOMA-IR), menor ingesta de lípidos, mayor nivel de leptina sérica y valores más altos de NAFLD-FS. Este índice presenta para detectar fibrosis avanzada un valor predictivo negativo del 98% y un valor predictivo positivo del 60%. Variables asociadas de forma independiente a la presencia de fibrosis (regresión logística): sexo masculino (factor protector) (0,09, IC 95%, 0,01-0,7; p < 0,05) y HOMA-IR (1,7, IC 95% 1,03-2,79; p < 0,05). Conclusiones: el sexo y el HOMA-IR son los únicos factores independientes que se asociaron a la presencia de fibrosis hepática en biopsia. El NAFLD-FS es un buen marcador no invasivo para descartar la presencia de fibrosis avanzada.

ABSTRACT Background: a prolonged non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) condition can lead to advanced stages of liver disease and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Aim: to evaluate analytical, anthropometric and dietary factors associated with the presence of fibrosis as this is the factor that most influences survival and evolution. Methods: seventy-six patients with liver biopsy-diagnosed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were included. Biopsies were scored considering the NASH criteria of Kleiner. Analytical, anthropometric and dietary (survey) parameters were obtained. NAFLD-FS is a non-invasive fibrosis index and was assessed for each patient. Leptin, adiponectin, resistin and TNF-alpha serum levels were determined. Results: fifty-six patients were male (73.7%) and the mean age was 44.5 ± 11.3 years of age (19-68). Thirty-nine (51.3%) (F1-F2: 84.6%; F3-4: 15.4%) patients had fibrosis in the liver biopsy. Seventeen females (85%) had fibrosis versus 22 males (39%), which was statistically significant by univariate analysis (p < 0.01). Patients with advanced fibrosis were older, with lower platelet counts, lower serum albumin, greater homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lower dietary lipids percentage, higher serum leptin levels and higher NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NAFLD-FS) values. This index had a negative predictive value of 98% and a positive predictive value of 60% for the detection of fibrosis. Variables independently associated with fibrosis (logistic regression) included male gender (protective factor) (0.09, 95% CI 0.01-0.7; p < 0.05) and HOMA-IR (1.7, 95% CI, 1.03-2.79; p < 0.05). Conclusions: gender and HOMA-IR were the only independent factors associated with fibrosis. NAFLD-FS could be considered as an accurate scoring system to rule out advanced fibrosis.

Coledocoduodenostomía guiada por ultrasonografía endoscópica ante fallo o imposibilidad de CPRE

RESUMEN Introducción: el drenaje biliar endoscópico guiado por ultrasonografía (DBUSE) es una alternativa al drenaje biliar percutáneo transhepático (CTPH) ante fallo de la colangiografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE). Métodos: descripción retrospectiva de seis casos de drenaje biliar guiado por ultrasonografía endoscópica, mediante coledocoduodenostomía (USE-CDS), así como de sus características clínicas, procedimiento endoscópico, complicaciones y posterior seguimiento. Resultados: todos nuestros casos presentaban obstrucción biliar distal de etiología maligna. En cuatro de los seis pacientes se concluyó el procedimiento con buen drenaje posterior. Registramos dos complicaciones tardías por migración de prótesis, sin muertes relacionadas con el procedimiento. El tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de seis meses. Conclusión: la USE-CDS se plantea como una opción terapéutica válida, no exenta de complicaciones, en casos seleccionados y en manos de un equipo de endoscopistas expertos ante fallos del drenaje por CPRE, y como alternativa al CTPH.

ABSTRACT Introduction: endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) is an alternative to percutaneous trans-hepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) in cases of failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Methods: this is a retrospective description of six cases of endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage via choledochoduodenostomy (EUCD), as well as the clinical characteristics, endoscopic procedure, complications and monitoring. Results: all cases had malignant distal biliary obstruction. The procedure was concluded with good drainage in four out of six patients. Two late complications were recorded that were caused by stent migration and there were no deaths related with the procedure. The average monitoring period was six months. Conclusions: EUCD can be considered as a valid therapeutic choice in some selected cases and when performed by a team of expert endoscopists in cases of failed ERCP drainage or as an alternative to PTBD. However, the procedure has some associated complications.

3D echoendoscopy and miniprobes for rectal cancer staging

ABSTRACT Background: rectal cancer staging using rigid probes or echoendoscopes has some limitations. The aim of the study was to compare rectal cancer preoperative staging using conventional endoluminal ultrasonography with three-dimensional endoscopic ultrasonography and miniprobes. Materials and methods: sixty patients were included and evaluated with: a) a conventional echoendoscope (7.5 and 12 MHz); b) miniprobes (12 MHz); and c) the Easy 3D Freescan software for three-dimensional endoscopic ultrasonography. The reference or gold standard was conventional endoluminal ultrasonography in all cases and pathological assessment for those without preoperative therapy. The differences in T and N staging accuracy in both longitudinal and circumferential extension were evaluated. Results: with regard to T staging, conventional endoluminal ultrasonography had an accuracy of 85% (compared to pathological analysis), and the agreement between miniprobes vs conventional endoluminal ultrasonography (kappa = 0.81) and three-dimensional endoscopic ultrasonography vs conventional endoluminal ultrasonography (k = 0.87) was significant. In addition, miniprobes had an accuracy of 82% and three-dimensional endoscopic ultrasonography had a higher accuracy (96%). With regard to N staging, conventional endoluminal ultrasonography had an accuracy of 91% with a sensitivity of 78%. However, the agreement between miniprobes and conventional endoluminal ultrasonography and three-dimensional endoscopic ultrasonography and conventional endoluminal ultrasonography (k = 0.70) was lower. Interestingly, miniprobes had a lower accuracy of 81% whereas three-dimensional endoscopic ultrasonography had an accuracy of 100% without any false negative. No false positives were observed in any of the techniques. Accuracy for T and N staging was not influenced by longitudinal or circumferential extensions of the tumor in all types of endoscopic ultrasonography analyzed. Conclusions: miniprobes and especially three-dimensional endoscopic ultrasonography may be relevant during rectal cancer staging.

Fecal microbiota transplantation in refractory or recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a real-life experience in a non-academic center

ABSTRACT Aim: this study aimed to describe the efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for the treatment of refractory and recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Methods: this was an observational study of patients with refractory or recurrent CDI treated with FMT between June 2014 and January 2017. Primary and secondary outcomes were the resolution of diarrhea without CDI recurrence within two months after one or more FMT. A descriptive analysis was performed. Results: thirty-four FMT were performed in 28 patients, 88.2% (n = 30) using an upper route with a gastroscopy and 11.8% (n = 4) with colonoscopy; 50% (n = 17) of FMT were due to recurrent CDI and 50% (n = 17) were due to refractory CDI. The overall cure rate of upper FMT was 87.5% (21/24) and 100% (4/4) when colonoscopy was performed. A cure was achieved after one FMT in 88% (22/25) of cases and after two or more FMT in 8% (2/25) of cases, resulting in an overall cure rate of 96% (24/25). No severe adverse events were reported. Conclusion: FMT constitutes an effective and safe approach for the management of refractory and recurrent CDI, with an overall cure rate of 96% and no reported severe adverse events.

Indicadores de calidad en colonoscopia. Procedimiento de la colonoscopia

RESUMEN El objetivo del proyecto en el que se inscribe este trabajo es proponer procedimientos e indicadores de calidad y seguridad útiles para facilitar la mejora de la calidad en unidades de Endoscopia Digestiva. En este segundo resultado se proponen procedimientos e indicadores de la colonoscopia. Primero, se ha diseñado un diagrama de los pasos previos y consecutivos a la realización de la colonoscopia. Un grupo de expertos en calidad asistencial y/o endoscopia, bajo el amparo de la Sociedad Española de Patología Digestiva (SEPD), han realizado una revisión cualitativa de la literatura haciendo referencia a la búsqueda de indicadores de calidad en la colonoscopia. Posteriormente, por un procedimiento de análisis por pares se ha hecho la selección y análisis de la literatura seleccionada. Se han identificado un total de 13 indicadores específicos, independientemente de los ya descritos comunes, de los cuales diez son de proceso (uno de preprocedimiento, siete de procedimiento y dos de posprocedimiento) y tres, de resultado. Se ha analizado la calidad de la evidencia de cada uno de ellos aplicando la clasificación utilizada en GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation).

ABSTRACT The aim of the project this paper is part of was to propose quality and safety procedures and indicators to facilitate quality improvement in digestive endoscopy units. In this second issue, procedures and indicators are suggested regarding colonoscopy. First, a diagram charting the previous and subsequent steps of colonoscopy was designed. A group of experts in health care quality and/or endoscopy, under the auspices of the Sociedad Española de Patología Digestiva (SEPD), performed a qualitative review of the literature regarding colonoscopy-related quality indicators. Subsequently, using a paired-analysis method, the aforementioned literature was selected and analyzed. A total of 13 specific indicators were found aside of the common markers elsewhere described, ten of which are process-related (one pre-procedure, seven procedure, and two post-procedure markers) while the remaining three are outcome-related. Quality of evidence was assessed for each one of them using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) classification.

Dysphagia and hematemesis caused by an intramural esophageal dissection

Paniculitis pancreática como síntoma de debut de un carcinoma de células acinares

RESUMEN La paniculitis pancreática es una rara manifestación cutánea asociada a patología pancreática. De características similares a otras paniculitis, su evolución es paralela al proceso desencadenante, pudiendo en ocasiones preceder a la clínica propia del mismo. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con paniculitis pancreática por lo demás asintomática que tras el estudio etiológico resultó padecer un carcinoma pancreático de células acinares con metástasis hepáticas.

ABSTRACT Pancreatic panniculitis is a rare skin manifestation associated with pancreatic conditions. This condition has similar characteristics to those of other panniculitis types and its course parallels the triggering condition and may occasionally precede it. We report the case of a female patient with asymptomatic pancreatic panniculitis; the etiologic study identified a pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma with liver metastases.

Aerofagia por disinergia abdómino-frénica en un niño de dos años

RESUMEN Presentamos un niño previamente sano de dos años con importante distensión abdominal al que después de varias intervenciones con escasa respuesta se diagnosticó aerofagia patológica. La aerofagia patológica en pediatría es un trastorno infrecuente, casi exclusivo en niños con enfermedad neurológica de base. Puede ser motivo de múltiples exámenes complementarios y tratamientos agresivos innecesarios. La reciente publicación de un caso asocia la aerofagia con un novedoso concepto, la disinergia abdómino-frénica.

ABSTRACT We report the case of a previously healthy 2-year-old child who presented with significant abdominal distension. After several interventions that proved ineffective, pathologic aerophagia was eventually diagnosed. In pediatrics, pathologic aerophagia is an uncommon disorder that almost exclusively affects children with an underlying neurological condition. It may lead to multiple diagnostic tests and unnecessary aggressive therapies. A recent case report associated aerophagia with a novel concept of abdomino-phrenic dyssynergia.

Author's reply: "A question on dyspeptic patients analyzed by psychometric scores"

Síndrome de hiperemesis cannabinoide

Hernia de Morgagni de presentación en la edad adulta

Tender red subcutaneous nodules in an adult female: a challenging diagnosis

Consecuencias de la lesión de Dieulafoy en cirugía gástrica