Abstract

ORTEGA PEREZ, A.. A critical review of whiplash associated disorders (I): Is there really an anatomical lesion?. Cuad. med. forense [online]. 2003, n.34, pp.5-13. ISSN 1988-611X.

Whiplash associated disorders (WAD) have an approximate incidence of 1 case/1000 persons per year, and with high personal and economic costs. The mechanism of lesion may be more or less complex, depending on the relative directions of the colliding vehicles and on the orientation of the head at the moment of impact. In any case, the key seems to be the non-physiologic movements of the cervical vertebrae which are so rapid that the muscles normally controlling them do not have enough time to perform their function. On impact, virtually any part of the neck can be damaged, although the most frequent lesions affect the zygapophyseal joint facet, capsules or cartilages of either the fifth or sixth cervical vertebrae, as well as the anterior or posterior longitudinal ligaments. However, standard radiographies, CT scans or MRI are not appropriate explorations for the detection of these subtle, but clinically relevant lesions and the norm in WAD is the absence of image evidence of cervical lesion. Standard radiography generally detects previous degenerative changes or a cervical kyphotic angle, a non-specific sign of lesion. MRI is more sensitive, but has a high percentage of false positives, i.e., it detects lesions that do not have any clinical relevance.

Keywords : Anatomic lesions; diagnostic; incidence; lesion mechanism; magnetic resonance imaging; radiography; review; whiplash associated disorders.

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