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INTRODUCTION
In recent years the Internet has developed tremendously and health information is widely available on the Internet with the potential of improve information distribution.1,2 People rely on Internet for information and other purposes, and this technology is becoming increasingly important in people’s daily lives around the world.3 This is because Internet is convenient and widely available, where a person can go online from home, workplace or libraries. In addition, Internet offers almost unlimited information to public.4
The literature reports that there is an increase trend of Internet usage among healthcare professionals for medical and health information.3 Since the Internet is readily available, the use of web based searching becomes an important clinical tool for doctors that may help them to diagnose difficult cases.5 The Internet improves the quality care of family physicians and may influence the way they shape their questions and search for responses.6 A study regarding Internet technology in UK community pharmacy found that with the use of Internet technologies in practice improves isolation problems, self-confidence, perceived lack of clinical knowledge and enhance communication between pharmacists and patients.7,8 Additionally, studies have reported that both general practitioners and community pharmacists performed various search activities while visiting health websites, such as continuing professional development (CPD) programs; seeking for drug information, disease-related information, general healthcare information9, as well as retrieval of information from online journals.3 In addition, it was also stated that healthcare professional used Internet to obtain professional updates3, to access latest research on specific topics, new product or therapy information and to search guideline summaries.10
Although there is a widespread use of Internet for online health information, some studies described significant barriers towards its usage in professional practice. Some of the perceived barriers include limited time available to undertake the search3,7,11, difficulty in finding pertinent information7,10, lack of knowledge or searching skill3,7,11, navigation or searching difficulties, excessive information to scan6,10 and resources problems such as lack of technology in practice.7 Furthermore, other reported barriers included evaluation of online health information and website for its credibility and effectiveness, low diversity of websites visited, as well as lack of coherent for available health information were reported too.3
It is now realized that due to free accessibility of online health information, the healthcare practice has change.12 Consumers are playing active role in using Internet for medicine information2 and they are better informed regarding their healthcare needs.12 Therefore, the issue of source credibility and reliability in health websites is becoming a critical issues.3 In such scenario, healthcare professionals such as community pharmacists have to become proactive in assisting consumer to search, select and interpret the information.2 As community pharmacists are the most accessible healthcare professionals to the public and are recognized as source for professional health advice13 they can educate consumers about medicines and online health information.2 Community pharmacists have the responsibility to dispense medication and to ensure consumers are provided with adequate information, to assist medication safety and effectiveness in order to enhance health outcomes.7 Pharmacists can support the quality use of medicines by providing online health information, but they must be able to use Internet to ascertain and evaluate the quality of the information.7
Inline to what is reported above, studies had been carried out to assess healthcare professional’s information-seeking behaviour especially among physicians, such as family physicians’ information searching behaviour in US6, and pharmacists’ online information literacy in Australia.2 However, to date, there is no information available regarding Malaysian community pharmacists’ perception towards online health information. Hence, it is crucial to study their perception and the employment of Internet technologies in community pharmacy practice. In response to this issue, the aim of this study is to assess community pharmacists’ perception pertaining online health information, to examine the type of information that they seek from the Internet, and to identify the barriers while they are retrieving online health information.
METHODS
Study design and sample
This study was designed as a questionnaire based cross-sectional survey. All (300) community pharmacists practicing in Kuala Lumpur were identified from the list obtained from Pharmaceutical Services Divisions, Ministry of Health Malaysia. The questionnaire was mailed with an invitation letter explaining the purpose of the study, a support letter and a self-addressed postage paid envelope. In order to increase the response rate of this survey, community pharmacists were given alternative option to respond via an online form whereby a link was provided along invitation letter. The participation for this survey was strictly voluntary. Completion and returned of the questionnaire implied the consent from the respondents.
Study instrument
The questionnaire was developed and modified from the literature review.2,6,8-10 The questionnaire was tested for face and content validity and was pilot tested with 15 community pharmacists prior to general distribution. Data collected from pilot study were not included in the final data analysis. The reliability of this survey was supported by the overall fit measure, where Cronbach alpha coefficient yields a value of 0.807. The final questionnaire comprised of four sections. The first section assessed the demographic and practice characteristics of the community pharmacists. The second section evaluated the community pharmacists’ perceptions towards online health information. The third section included statements pertaining to the type of online health information accessed by community pharmacists, while the final section focused on the barriers faced by community pharmacists with online health information. The respondents were requested to answer using a three-point Likert scale response format.
Data analysis
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS®) was used to analyze the data. The KS test was used for normality assessment. Descriptive analysis was performed to obtain the frequency and percentage of occurrence. Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to investigate the significance of association. Where significant associations were observed, Bonferroni correction was used to interpret the information. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
RESULTS
A total of 67 questionnaires were received, giving a response rate of 22.3%. However, only 63 questionnaires were usable. More than half of the responses were received via online (n=36, 53.7%) compare to postage (n=31, 46.3%). Thirty-five respondents were females (n=35, 55.6%) and most of the respondents were manager and owner of the pharmacy outlets (n=25, 39.7%) (Table 1).
Table 1. Demographics characteristics of respondents
| Characteristic | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Gender | |
| Male | 28 (44.4%) |
| Female | 35 (55.6%) |
| Age (years) | |
| 18 - 27 | 7 (11.1%) |
| 28 - 37 | 29 (46.0%) |
| 38 - 47 | 17 (27.0%) |
| > 47 | 10 (15.9%) |
| Ethnicity | |
| Malay | 11 (17.5%) |
| Chinese | 49 (77.8%) |
| Indian | 2 (3.2%) |
| Others | 1 (1.6%) |
| Status of ownership | |
| Manager and owner of pharmacy | 25 (39.7%) |
| Manager | 18 (28.6%) |
| Employee | 20 (31.7%) |
| Educational level | |
| Bachelor | 53 (84.1%) |
| Master | 10 (15.9%) |
| Pharmacy setting | |
| Single outlet independent pharmacy | 26 (41.3%) |
| Multi outlet independent pharmacy | 10 (15.9%) |
| Chain pharmacy | 27 (42.9%) |
| Working experience as CP (years) | |
| 1 - 5 | 29 (46.0%) |
| 6 - 10 | 7 (11.1%) |
| 11 - 15 | 8 (12.7%) |
| > 15 | 19 (30.2%) |
Type of online health information
The types of online health information searched by community pharmacists were assessed. From this survey, it was found that the top three health information that mostly looked up by the respondents was medicine information (n=46, 73.0%), general healthcare information (n=42, 66.7%), and disease-related information (n=37, 58.7%). In contrast, they were least interested to make contribution to online discussion forum on health topics (n=37, 58.7%). Majority of the respondents always read online journals (n=31, 49.2%) and undertook online CPD (n=30, 47.6%), and sometimes searched for professional guidelines (n=33, 52.4%) and read the latest updates from pharmaceutical company (n=32, 50.8%) (Table 2).
Table 2. Type of online health information retrieved by community pharmacists
| Statement | Frequency (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Always | Sometimes | Never | |
| I search for disease-related information from the Internet. | 37 (58.7%) | 26 (41.3%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| I search for general healthcare information from the Internet. | 42 (66.7%) | 21 (33.3%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| I search for medicine information from the Internet. | 46 (73.0%) | 17 (27.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| I read online journals/articles. | 31 (49.2%) | 28 (44.4%) | 4 (6.3%) |
| I undertake online CPD/CME. | 30 (47.6%) | 25 (39.7%) | 8 (12.7%) |
| I contribute to online discussion forums on health topics. | 16 (25.4%) | 10 (15.9%) | 37 (58.7%) |
| I search for guidelines/protocol such as Malaysia CPG, WHO, SIGN. | 19 (30.2%) | 33 (52.4%) | 11 (17.5%) |
| I search and read latest updates from pharmaceutical company. | 21 (33.3%) | 32 (50.8%) | 10 (15.9%) |
Perception towards online health information
The community pharmacists were required to express their general perception towards online health information. Over half of the respondents agreed with majority of the statements regarding perception of online health information. It was also noted that almost equal number of respondents rated ‘agreed’ (n=28, 44.4%) and ‘neutral’ (n=26, 41.3%) in respond to the need for more practice to seek online health information effectively. When respondents were assessed with regard of referring to social media, blog or forum for health information, majority (n=29, 46.0%) remained neutral to the usage and the rest (n=26, 41.3%) mainly disagreed with the usage of opinion-based source (Table 3).
Table 3. Community pharmacists’ perception towards online health information
| Statement | Frequency (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Agree | Neutral | Disagree | |
| The Internet provides useful health information. | 53 (84.1%) | 10 (15.9%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| I can find up-to-date health information on the Internet. | 53 (84.1%) | 9 (14.3%) | 1 (1.6%) |
| It is easy to find appropriate online health information about a particular topic. | 48 (76.2%) | 12 (19.0%) | 3 (4.8%) |
| I visit established trusted health websites only (for example MIMS Malaysia). | 47 (74.6%) | 13 (20.6%) | 3 (4.8%) |
| I am confident that I can determine the quality of online health information. | 43 (68.3%) | 18 (28.6%) | 2 (3.2%) |
| I use online health information to prepare talks for community groups. | 35 (55.6%) | 27 (42.9%) | 1 (1.6%) |
| I am familiar with the criteria to evaluate a health website. | 33 (52.4%) | 26 (41.3%) | 4 (6.3%) |
| The Internet has health information that I cannot find in other resources. | 32 (50.8%) | 27 (42.9%) | 4 (6.3%) |
| I need more practice in order to use the Internet to search health information effectively. | 28 (44.4%) | 26 (41.3%) | 9 (14.3%) |
| I refer to blog, forum or social media for health information. | 8 (12.7%) | 29 (46.0%) | 26 (41.3%) |
Barriers towards online health information
This study had accessed the barriers encountered by community pharmacists when they retrieved online health information. The major obstacle reported by respondents in this study was scanning through abundance of health information from the Internet (n=40, 63.5%). A high proportion of respondents neither trusts blindly nor remains skeptical towards health websites or health information (n=36, 57.1%). Majority of the respondents think that they had no issue with resource (n=32, 50.8%), had appropriate searching skill (n=31, 49.2%), as well as having sufficient time to seek for online health information (n=30, 47.6%) (Table 4).
Table 4. Barriers towards Online Health Information
| Statement | Frequency (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Agree | Neutral | Disagree | |
| There is too much health information to scan from the Internet. | 40 (63.5%) | 21 (33.3%) | 2 (3.2%) |
| I am distracted by the links to other sources. | 19 (30.2%) | 27 (42.9%) | 17 (27.0%) |
| I do not have enough time to search for online health information. | 10 (15.9%) | 23 (36.5%) | 30 (47.6%) |
| I do not have searching skills towards online health information. | 6 (9.5%) | 26 (41.3%) | 31 (49.2%) |
| I have resource problem (such as slow Internet connection, not familiar with technology, etc.). | 10 (15.9%) | 21 (33.3%) | 32 (50.8%) |
| I am unable to pay for the subscription fee for online health resources. | 20 (31.7%) | 29 (46.0%) | 14 (22.2%) |
| I am uncertain about the genuine and reliability of the health websites / online health information. | 11 (17.5%) | 36 (57.1%) | 16 (25.4%) |
| I am not sure how to filter online health information to find what I want. | 9 (14.3%) | 28 (44.4%) | 26 (41.3%) |
Statements that showed statistical significant with demographic characteristics were summarized in following table (Table 5). Significant association was observed between gender and visiting established health websites (p=0.018). Meanwhile, age was found statistically associated with statements on searching medicine information (p=0.037), undertaking online CPD (p=0.023), and searching professional guidelines or protocol (p=0.047). Respondents’ educational level showed statistically association with statement on uncertainty about the genuine and reliability of health websites (p=0.023) as well as unsure how to filter online health information (p=0.007).
Table 5. Association between statements and demographic characteristics
| Statements | p-values | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gendera | Ageb | Educational levela | Pharmacy settingb | |
| I visited established trusted health websites only (for example MIMS Malaysia) | 0.018 | 0.061 | 0.519 | 0.541 |
| I search for medicine information from the Internet. | 0.753 | 0.037 | 0.191 | 0.844 |
| I undertake online CPD/CME. | 0.277 | 0.023 | 0.495 | 0.682 |
| I search for guidelines/protocol such as Malaysia CPG, WHO, SIGN. | 0.879 | 0.047 | 0.384 | 0.263 |
| I am uncertain about the genuine and reliability of the health websites / online health information. | 0.277 | 0.419 | 0.023 | 0.282 |
| I am not sure how to filter online health information to find what I want. | 0.856 | 0.199 | 0.007 | 0.537 |
aMann-Whitney Test,
bKruskal-Wallis Test
DISCUSSION
Due to the extensive availability of health information on Internet1, general practitioners are using Internet for their professional development.14 The present study will provide vital understanding and empirical evidences regarding Malaysian community pharmacists’ perception towards online health information.
Perception towards online health information
Majority of the respondents perceived positively about online health information, where they believed Internet provides useful and updated health information. Consistent with the findings of previous studies, Internet is known to be a useful resource.6,9,15 Interestingly, about half of the respondents used online health information to prepare talks/sessions for community group programs. This finding was supported by previous study where Internet had made an impact on healthcare professional practice.9 It is worth to mention that more than half of the respondents claimed that they were confident in determining the quality of online health information and they recognized the criteria in evaluating health websites. Thus further study could specifically concentrate on assessing community pharmacist’s ability to search and appraise the information. There were studies stated that the use of social media to share health information among physicians and other healthcare professionals is expanding16,17, nevertheless, merely 12.7% respondents in this study referred blog, forum or social media for health information. Perhaps more research is required to study this area and researcher could redefine the term of ‘social media’. Current study found that male respondents (mean rank: 36.64, p=0.018) visited established only health websites, for example MIMS Malaysia. As web portal serves a good start to gain medical information18, it is possible that the female community pharmacists are readily to expose different kind health websites and do not constrain themselves to only the well-known resources.
Type of online health information
It was identified that medicine information is the most frequent searched topic, followed by general healthcare information and disease-related information. This finding could imply that community pharmacists are more likely to deal with drug-orientated information instead of broader range of health information.9 However, in terms of reading online journals, finding from the current study is in contrast with one of studies carried out among community pharmacists and general practitioners in Northern Ireland where online journals is the most popular sites for both of these profession.9 Majority of the respondents claimed that they occasionally seek for professional guidelines and read the latest research by pharmaceutical company. This is because access to technology supports the understanding of current best practice and clinical guidelines.6 Overall, the finding from this section provides a useful insight regarding the regular use and trust of online resources among community pharmacists.9 It was also noticed that respondents’ age group showed significant association with the following study questions: respondents aged between 38 - 47 years old (mean rank: 40.18) were associated with searching medicine information from Internet (p=0.037), while respondents aged more than 47 years was associated undertaking online CPD (mean rank: 45.75, p=0.023) and searching professional guidelines or protocol (mean rank: 42.30, p=0.047). This finding might imply that the use of Internet to update professional knowledge among Malaysian community pharmacists was not confined by age, as one of the study carried out in Taiwan found that physicians with age of 50 and above were less likely to access online databases which might due to unfamiliarity with latest technology.18
Barriers towards online health information
Although respondents used Internet to obtain health information regularly, the major barrier reported in this study was to scan through the overwhelming of online health information, which was reported in other studies.6,14,19 This reported barrier was expected and Internet users require sophisticated skills to look for answer from online resources.14 Perhaps the respondents from this study were equipped with competent literacy skill as most of the respondents claimed that they possessed searching skills, had adequate time and no issue with resources, though previous studies reported them as challenges.3,10,11,20 On the other hand, respondents with Master qualification showed significant association when they were asked if they were convinced about the reliability (mean rank: 42.75, p=0.023) and certainty to filter (mean rank: 45.10, p=0.007) online health information, majority of them remained neutral and respondents with Master qualification showed significant association with these statements. It could be correlated to previous study where credibility was cited as the most important criterion for Internet clinical information3,6,10, and it could be Master-qualified respondents deal with Internet resources more frequently especially during their postgraduate studies. Therefore, future study should explore how community pharmacist constructs search strategies11 as well as evaluate health website.3
Limitations
The major limitation of this study is the low response rate and it is impossible for researcher follow up with non-respondent due to its anonymous nature. Nevertheless, the low response rate was expected with the study design and it is comparatively similar to previous studies conducted among Malaysian practicing community pharmacists.21,22,23 However, the finding of this study is not generalized to all community pharmacists, and perhaps a nationwide study could be carried out in order to achieve broader view on this topic.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, the Internet offers extensive resources for healthcare professional, as current study shows the impact and widely use of Internet among community pharmacists in Kuala Lumpur. The present study demonstrates positive response towards online health information yet certain reservation was reported. Hence, this study provides groundwork for more rigorous investigation, in terms of searching skill, quality determination as well as evaluation skill for online health information for pharmacy professional development.
