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Enfermería Global

versión On-line ISSN 1695-6141

Enferm. glob. vol.20 no.61 Murcia ene. 2021  Epub 01-Feb-2021

https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.413211 

Reviews

Nursing Interventions Promoting Child / Youth / Family Adaptation to Hospitalization: A Scoping Review

Inês Barros1    , Margarida Lourenço2  , Elisabete Nunes2  , Zaida Charepe2 

1Master in Pediatric Nursing. Institute of Health Sciences, Portuguese Catholic University. Lisbon. Portugal.

Lisbon North University Hospital Center, EPE - Santa Maria Hospital. Lisbon. Portugal.

2Institute of Health Sciences, Portuguese Catholic University. Lisbon. Portugal.

ABSTRACT

Objective:

Identify the adaptation process of the child and family to hospitalization and map the nursing interventions that promote the child/youth/family's adaptation to hospitalization.

Method:

Elaboration of a Scoping Review based on the Joanna Briggs Institute (2014). Inclusion criteria - Population: Child, Young (0-18 years old); Concept: Interventions promoting adaptation and Context: Hospitalization. The studies considered were quantitative, qualitative and systematic reviews. Electronic databases used for article search - PUBMED, MEDLINE and CINAHL. Selection criteria: full text articles dated between 2012 and 2019. Languages of inclusion: Portuguese and English.

Results:

A total of 14 articles were analyzed, including 2 systematic reviews of the literature, 7 qualitative studies and 5 quantitative studies. The results of the analysis were organized by themes: the child's adaptation to hospitalization, the parent's adaptation to hospitalization and strategies promoting adaptation to hospitalization. The interventions aimed at children are focused on strengthening coping mechanisms and on increasing the sense of security. These have been categorized into communication strategies; playful activities and relaxation activities; and promotion of hope and coping strategies.

Conclusion:

The mapped Nursing interventions that promote adaptation to hospitalization intend to decrease the child / family's anxiety and stress, increasing the ability to receive information and to participate in care and decisions. Intervention such as therapeutic play, anticipatory information, relaxation techniques, distraction, humor, music therapy, adaptation kits, therapeutic groups and hope-promoting strategies are emphasized.

Keywords: Adaptation; Hospitalized Child; Family; Pediatric Nursing

INTRODUCTION

The present time is seen as crucial to the science of nursing, taking in consideration the rapid development of society, health and general science, which directs nursing to different priorities. The current challenges are outlines in order to create a knowledge structure that provides a unifying approach and renews the place of theory in nursing science (1).

The art of pediatric nursing focuses on family-centred care and atraumatic care, guided by evidence-based practice 2. Despite the adjustment of the hospital environment to pediatric care, even short periods of hospitalization have adverse effects on children and their families, as they are separated from the rest of the family, removed from their routines, and have to live in a new and unfamiliar environment. Children may also have to undergo procedures that generate fear and pain 3,4,5. Hospitalized children are particularly vulnerable due to their illness, their physical, intellectual and emotional stage of development, and also due to the little control they have over what is happening to them 6.

The nursing team should seek to maintain an enlightening dialogue and transmit confidence to children and their families, providing humanized care, so that they are kept informed and guided in regards to treatment, procedures and doubts 7. The relationship between the nurse and the family should be based on mutual respect and on open and honest communication 8. Family-centred care is a central element in pediatric nursing care, keeping in mind that the child's best interest is to be cared for by his or her family. Thus, both children and their families should actively participate in the hospitalization process 4.

As a system, the child and the family have the ability to adapt to the new situation, which is affected by numerous stimuli. The displayed behaviour depends on their coping mechanisms and they do not always achieve adaptation 3. In the context of illness and hospitalization, the main experienced stimulus is the illness itself. There are, however, other stimuli, such as change of environment and routines and separation from other relatives. The knowledge one has of the illness, the support the child and family members receive will among others, accentuate or mitigate the effects of these stimuli. There are also stimuli not directly related to the current experience of the disease and hospitalization, but which have influence over it, such as previous experiences with hospitalization, disease within the family, among others 3.

In Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) from 1976, Roy used the System Theory to define the System Person characterized by input (internal and external), and the response of the person, which is defined as output. The response is built through the input and the individual level of adaptation 9. The adaptation means that the system has the capability to adjust itself to the environmental changes and, at the same time, to affect that environment. The goal of nursing is, thus, to promote that adaptation and to help deal with the adaptation problems that may occur. The nurse should act to control the stimuli, preparing the child and the family for the anticipated changes by strengthening their coping mechanisms 3.

The benefits of using this adaptation model with families have been demonstrated in several clinical settings and have often been applied to in pediatric settings 10. The RAM provides a practice-oriented nursing process in order to provide holistic care, and it can be a valuable tool in the practical orientation of the nursing process as it leads to the formulation of nursing diagnosis predictors of nursing interventions 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11. Therefore, the nursing diagnosis of Ineffective Coping was formulated to guide this scoping review12), related to the outcome: adaptation of the child and family to hospitalization by mobilizing adaptive measures 13.

Nursing interventions focus mainly on the physiological adaptive mode (reducing anxiety and fear) and the role function mode, specifically in promoting the parental role. For Johnson et al13 the main interventions related with this diagnosis are the improvement of coping and increased safety. As suggested interventions, the authors refer to early guidance (preparing for anticipated changes by strengthening coping mechanisms) and emotional support. Other interventions are also suggested such as active listening, not lying, giving preparatory information, spiritual support, providing care in admission; facilitating family presence, setting limits and promoting family support; techniques to reduce anxiety. Other interventions mentioned are distraction, humour, therapeutic play, art therapy, music therapy and animal therapy 13.

Understanding the negative impact of disease and hospitalization and the use of strategies that make the hospital environment supportive of well-being are facilitators of adaptation for the children and their families. Consequently, they can turn this experience into an opportunity for learning and development 14.

METHODOLOGY

This literature review was conducted according to the Scoping Review method by Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) 15. These reviews are particularly useful for synthesizing research evidence and are often used to map existing literature 16. A previous Scoping Review protocol was developed at an early stage. A scope analysis protocol is critical as it predefines the objectives and methods of the review 15. At that point, it was defined as a scope review objective to identify the child and family process of adaptation to hospitalization and to map the nursing interventions that promote adaptation of the child and the family to hospitalization. The research question was formulated: "What nursing interventions promote the adaptation the child and the families to hospitalization?”. Key words were also defined: Adaptation; Family; Hospitalized Child and Pediatric Nursing.

Research Strategy

During the protocol phase, inclusion criteria were defined according to the Scoping PCC methodology - Population: Child/ Youth (0-18 years old) and family; Concept: Interventions promoting adaptation and Context: Hospitalization. The choice of these criteria aims to standardize research and provide a clear view on the inclusion or non-inclusion of individual sources.

The search was carried out at an early stage through searching grey literature (evidence not published in commercial publications), Google Scholar, and the EBSCO research databases, in order to have an overview of the knowledge produced on the subject, and to understand the index terms used to describe the subject under study, which helped to outline the research. According to JBI 15, on research strategy, it is recommended to search a minimum of three large databases of bibliographical citations. Accordingly, a search was carried out in the following electronic databases PUBMED, MEDLINE and CINAHL on 21 January 2020, using the descriptors DeCS - Adaptation, Psychological; child, Hospitalized; Pediatric Nursing, and MeSH Adaptation, Psychological; child, Hospitalized; Nursing and using the Boolean operator AND.

It was established that qualitative and quantitative studies and systematic literature reviews would be included. Date of publication was also used as a selection criterion, having included articles found dated between 2012 and 2019. This timeline is considered to have the most recent scientific evidence, and, furthermore, is a way to limit publications for content analysis. In addition, only full text publications were included. It was also considered as languages of inclusion the articles found in Portuguese and English. Subsequently, an analysis of the articles resulting from this research was carried out, using the words present in the titles, as well as the key words associated with them, the abstracts and finally their full reading, in order to find the target articles of this Scoping Review.

Data Extraction

After the research, all articles obtained were identified and all those that were duplicated were removed. Titles and summaries were analysed against the inclusion criteria. Full text studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded. The data from the included articles were extracted using a mapping tool aligned with the objective and the research question 15 (Appendix I). The results are presented in a PRISMA Flow Diagram 16 (Appendix II). A table of excluded articles is also presented in the Appendix (Appendix III).

PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The objectives established for this Scoping Review were to identify the process of adaptation of the child and family to hospitalization and to map the nursing interventions that promote to the child and family's adaptation to hospitalization. For this purpose, data was extracted from the 14 articles analysed, and the Objectives, Study Design, Study Population, Context, Concept and Results of each article are presented in the form of a chart (Appendix IV), that summarises the key ideas that answered the research question, contributing to the systematic interpretation of the articles.

The analysis of the articles was organized by themes and the discussion was structured by chapters. The discussions begin with the adaptation of the child to the context of hospitalization, followed by the parents adaptation, and finally by interventions that promote adaptation to hospitalization, distinguishing between those that are addressed to the child and those which focus on to the parents.

Child's adaptation to hospitalization

When confronted with the hospital environment, as well as having to deal with the illness, the child is separated from the family environment, friends, school and personal objects. This environment requires the child to interact with unknown people such as nurses and doctors, to undergo interventions that can be painful or uncomfortable, and to experience noise and changes in daily routines. These can contribute to the child perceiving hospitalization as a traumatic or stressful experience 18.

When it comes the family perceptions of the difficulties felt by their children during the adaptation to hospitalization, it should first be noted that the hospital setting changes their ability to adapt and increases their vulnerability 18. In this setting, the child recognises the presence of the family as protection, becoming their point of reference, affection and source of security. Hospitalization can cause a number of different behaviours from an emotional point of view, and children may experience mood changes. The most common way a child manifests discomfort, fear and pain is through crying. They may also feel agitated, nervous and may find it difficult to sleep. Another common reaction, noticed by families, is quietness, the child may become less talkative and, apparently, unreactive. This research highlights the need to humanize the hospital environment in pediatric settings, involving the family into care. How a child copes with hospitalization and illness depends on their adaptation process? Nursing care is essential for the child to be able to process feelings through emotional support, information supply, recreational activities and active listening. Supporting the caregiver is crucial to enable them to care for themselves and their child, interacting positively and building relationships that are beneficial to everyone 19.

Specific articles related to the adaptation of children living with a chronic disease were analysed. In a study on the hospitalization of adolescents, its impact on their daily lives was reported. These point to dietary restrictions as a major interference with routine due to new dietary recommendations, which is one of the most difficult parts of the treatment. When adolescents consider the new situation as a problem to be solved and an opportunity to learn, they become less vulnerable. Therefore, it is essencial that children/young people know their diagnosis and participate in the treatment in order to better deal with the disease 20.

Adaptation of parents with hospitalized children

Hospitalization is also a stressful time for the family, and nursing care should be planned around the needs of children and their families in order to minimize its negative effects18. The child's caregivers should be active care partners, since, they provide important information that supports care and should be valued by the nurses due to the potential to transform and enrich it. During their care, nurses should provide information, clarification and guidance on the child's health conditions so that the parents know what to expect and what is expected of them 18.

In a context of intensive care, a child's hospitalization has a great impact on the family given that at that moment, when faced with the seriousness of the child's situation, all dreams and life projects turn into fear 21. In this instance, the relationship between family members tends to change. In most cases, family members become closer to support those most in need of support, even though they may be physically distant. By strengthening these bonds, family members develop a behaviour based on their adaptation process, defined by internal and external actions and reactions in order to strengthen their support system. The support system is based on RAM's Interdependence Adaptive Mode. This interdependence is clear among family members who experience a process of hospitalization, being revealed through the emotional, spiritual and even financial support provided 21.

In this sense, Foster et al.22) reflects on the experiences and needs of parents of seriously injured children. These authors identify three main themes: 1) dealing with childhood injury, 2) accepting the complexity of the injury and 3) finding ways to deal with family needs. Regarding the first topic, parents showcase a number of reactions including shock (with references to feelings of sadness, fear and grief, and, on others cases, to keep emotions under control by recognizing that they would probably feel those emotions later).; a focus on managing their child's treatment (most parents consider their responsibility to understand the type of treatment their child receives and to ask staff questions about their progress) and a struggle to balance hospital and home environments (there is always tension between caring for the hospitalized child versus meeting the demands of life and family outside the hospital). The authors report that parents come to progressively accept the injury during hospitalization by understanding the impact of the disease and how it will affect both the child and the family. Finally, a number of personal and external factors influence how parents seek support and accept help. Some parents may find difficult to accept support for their emotional needs, focusing exclusively on their child's needs. Others accept emotional support from health professionals, family and friends in the form of visits, phone calls, or through social networks, while others receive practical support from neighbours and friends 22. Therefore, it is essential that the emotional needs of parents are recognized and addressed during the hospitalization of children, since the suppression of emotions can damage mental health and increase stress symptoms. The authors emphasize the need to address and demystify the feeling of guilt felt by the parents 22.

Similarly, Hagstrom 23) emphasizes seven sources of stress for parents: separation, uncertainty, illness and suffering of the child, emotional stress, physical stress, financial stress and work stress, and previous experiences. Separation is mentioned as the primary source of stress for the families of inpatient children, with references to feelings of division between being at home or in the hospital and the alteration of parental roles (tasks and responsibilities). Parents also refer to their children's own illness and suffering as a source of stress. Uncertainty is referred to in different ways, from not knowing whether the child will be well, to how they will be after the discharge and what the future consequences of the disease may be. The sensation of a roller coaster is also frequently mentioned, alternating between periods of discouragement and excitement. These parents mention as stress relieving factors the welcoming environment (single room, family space in the child's room, place for siblings to be present for periods of time during hospitalization), preparation and explanation on the health status and the performed procedures, inclusion in the care plan, explaining how to interpret alarms and warning signs. Therefore, during nursing care is relevant to consider the potential sources of stress, planning the most opportune moments for parents' absence and providing when possible sibling visits. It is also important to support the psychological state of the family, often evaluating their feelings, taking into account their unstable condition during the hospital stay 23.

To summarise, based on the articles analszed, a schematic representation of the process of adaptation of the child and family to hospitalization is presented (Figure 1).

Figure 1.  Adaptation Process of the Child and Family to Hospitalization 

Interventions to promote adaptation to hospitalization aimed at children

Nursing interventions that promote children's adaptation to hospitalization focus on strengthening coping mechanisms and increasing their sense of security. With this in mind, the interventions referred to in the analysed articles were grouped accordingly: (1) communication strategies; (2) playful activities/playing and relaxation; (3) promotion of hope, and (4) coping strategies 13.

  1. On the interaction between nurse and child, the main themes are the following: the characteristics that create a positive encounter - which depends on the professionalism, knowledge, nursing experience and parental role; the adaptation of the nurse to the needs of each child, adjusting the environment, for example, through games, fo example, distracting the child by talking about things of interest to them, or using humour and stimulating the child's participation, so that the child feels important and not ignored 24). The importance of communication is highlighted, as it is a right of the child to be informed about their condition. The family and nurses should adapt the information to their level of maturity, as it is through communication and play that they feel more in control of the situation. It is therefore necessary to increase ways of communicating with the child, through games, reading, demonstration and explanation of procedures 18. It is also essential to promote the family relationship through the use of communication strategies, considering the importance of family support in the child's hospitalization process. For instance, children recognize that eating well is extremely important for treatment success, so when eating becomes difficult, families develop strategies to responde to this challenge, such as buying food or bringing their favourite food from home. Health education is an intervention which promotes the adaptation and the partnership between the child and the health professional, and this should be structured, since the children who understand how the treatment works in their disease process have greater capacity to face adversities and side effects. The interaction between nurse and child should be guided by trust, security, respect and dialogue 20.

  2. Regarding the coping mechanisms, the studied adolescents highlighted the importance of developing playful activities such as listening to music, talking to other adolescents and positive thinking 20. In their study Sposito et al.25) reported that, in addition to pharmacological strategies, children identified other strategies to help themselves, such as involvement in playful activities, massaging, and thinking about distracting subjects. Children can cope more easily with treatments after identifying and taking actions that help to relieve side effects and pain, making the treatment less threatening and causing less discomfort. Playful activities are seen as coping strategies, with emphasis on playing games (video games and computer games), reading, drawing and painting. Moreover, bringing their own games and toys made the hospital environment similar to home and the toys available helped to minimize the boredom. They also mentioned that internet access has improved contact with people and the "world" outside the hospital. Likewise, techniques such as relaxation, distraction techniques, as well as acupuncture were also mentioned 25).

  3. As regards maintaining hope for healing and finding support in religion, the children said that it was worth going through the treatment process because of the hope that it could cure them. Keeping hope presents itself as an important strategy to face adversity. Despite this, a relapse or failure of treatment is seen as a threat. Children look for ways to strengthen their hope in order to minimize the fear of treatment failure. Thereby, religion becomes an important source of support, strengthening hope 25.

  4. Regarding the implementation of coping strategies, the use of adaptation kits is mentioned, since it has been concluded that they are effective in reducing children's anxiety, calming their behaviour and increasing their collaboration during procedures 26. On the other hand, animal therapy can benefit hospitalized children and adolescents, facilitating adaptation to the hospital environment. This therapy can reduce pain and anxiety, increase socialization and quality of life. Dogs are among the most popular animals used by nurses. This therapy can also be used as a nursing intervention, to help the child adapt to stressful situations, increase mobility and muscle activity and promote the child's collaboration during procedures, considering that they tend to feel more relaxed and confident when they realize that the hospital environment also provides them with pleasure and fun 27. The importance of strategies like therapeutic groups is also highlighted. These strategies can play an important role, not only in listening, but also in recognizing other young people facing similar situations 20. The group can be an important stage for the development of adaptation strategies, and the nurse in his intervention should enable the child and his family to adopt coping strategies 28.

To summarise, nurses should use effective non-pharmacological strategies to help children deal with fear through techniques such as relaxation and guided imagination; listening to music; activities with video games; watching television; activities with toys; and the use of comfort massages 25.

Interventions to promote adaptation to hospitalization directed at the family

Regarding nursing interventions to support the adaptation of the parents of hospitalized children, it is essential that the nurse acts to support the development of a support system, since this can help to minimize the negative effects of the hospitalization process. The family feels supported not only by their own family, friends, health professionals, and their spirituality, but also by the families of other hospitalized children. Families share the same space, the experiences and feelings related to the health-disease process of their children, and support each other so that they can recover together. Building the support system with health professionals is undeniably important for family members, as it helps them deal with and adapt to the child's illness, reducing stress symptoms and the feeling of fear. Effective communication between health professionals and the family can reduce the anxiety felt in the face of illness and hospitalization, so the nursing team aims to promote the adaptation of the family, contributing to their health and quality of life 21.

For Doupnik et al.29, there are three essential categories of nursing interventions in this field. Beginning with education, the authors focus on the importance of teaching about parental skills and beneficial knowledge in caring for children. As far as emotional regulation is concerned, these point out that the focus is on emotional self-care, and include such interventions as activities to promote relaxation or distraction, teaching parents strategies for coping with anxiety and stress, and encouraging adaptive emotional expression. Finally, social and structural support focuses on identifying resources for social support and practical considerations related to hospitalization. This study shows that adaptation support interventions are effective in reducing parents' anxiety and stress and consequently in improving children's anxiety, as they increase parents' ability to participate in child care, to receive information and to participate in shared decision making 29.

Reflecting on the effectiveness of an adaptation scale to hospitalization, based on the nursing evaluation of the effectiveness of coping mechanisms, it is concluded that this leads to the implementation of realistic support interventions. This scale facilitates the successful identification of families most at risk of ineffective adaptation during their child's hospitalization 30.

A schematic representation of the analysed results, with the nursing interventions promoting adaptation to hospitalization addressed to the child and family highlighted by the articles analysed in Scoping Review is presented below (Figure 2).

Figure 2.  Nursing interventions that promote adaptation to hospitalization for children and their families. 

To point out the limitations of this study, it should be mention that only articles published in Portuguese and English were included and research was conducted in three databases. The same search criteria may be applied in the future to more databases and to articles in other languages, in order to increase the theoretical sample and test the results.

CONCLUSION

Mapping of the results of the analysed articles allowed us to understand the process of of the child and family's adaptation to hospitalization and also if the nursing interventions to promote adaptation to hospitalization of children and their families are in line with the interventions raised in relation to the expected outcome. Mapped Nursing interventions focused mainly on the physiological and the role function adaptive modes of the RAM.

Based on the principle of family-centred care, the nurse plans the care around the whole family, encouraging parental participation in care during hospitalization. Adaptation support interventions have an impact on reducing anxiety and stress in children and their parents, as they increase parents' ability to participate in care, to receive information, and to enable them to participate in shared decision-making.

It became clear that there was a need to increase ways of communicating with the child, for example through games, reading and demonstration and explanation of procedures. Other mentioned promotion strategies for effective adaptation were relaxation techniques, distraction, humour, therapeutic play, art therapy, music therapy, adaptation kits, animal therapy and therapeutic groups. The articles also demonstrated the relevance of implementing strategies that promote hope, since keeping hope presents itself as an important strategy to face adversity and minimize fear.

FinancingThis work is funded by National Funds through the FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., within the scope of the project Refª UIDB/04279/2020 -.

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Appendices

Appendix I.  Joanna Briggs Institute Data Extraction Instrument (2014) 

Appendix II.  PRISMA flowchart (16) 

Appendix III.  Table of Articles Excluded from the Scoping Review 

Appendix IV.  Table of articles included in the Scoping Review 

Received: February 04, 2020; Accepted: July 04, 2020

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