Design

This is an Integrative Literature Review to describe the evidence on the management of clinical nursing care in patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 undergoing renal replacement therapy.

The study followed the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)¹⁰ to report the process of identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion of articles, as represented in figure 1.

Source: Elaborated by the author.

Figure 1. Search process and selection of articles by crossing the terms Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), via databases and virtual library. 

The construction process followed the six steps proposed by Mendes, Silveira, and Galvão (2019)¹¹: identification of the topic and development of the guiding question; establishment of criteria for study selection, study categorization, analysis of the studies included in the review, interpretation of results, and presentation of the review.

The operationalization of the research began with the definition of the guiding question: Which strategies identified in the literature are directed to the management of nursing care in renal replacement therapy in patients diagnosed with COVID-19?

Search method

The basis of the search strategy for the primary studies was determined by the delimitation of the combined controlled descriptors based on the logical structure of the PICo strategy, which is an acronym for Problem, Interest and Context, as shown in table 1.

Table 1. Subject descriptors located in the MeSH for the components of the research question according to the PICo strategy. 

Source: Elaborated by the author.

In a paired manner, data collection was performed from May to July 2021 in the following databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, Web Of Science, Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS), Nursing Database (BDENF), EMBASE, IBECS, virtual library (Scielo), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), COCHRANE LIBRARY.

The search in the databases occurred by crossing the Descriptors in Health Sciences (DeCS): “renal therapy” AND “nursing care” AND “covid-19”. To systematize the searches, the Boolean operator “AND” was used.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

PRISMA Guideline

Initially, 167 primary references were identified in the selected databases/virtual library. After identification, the screening process began, through content analysis, which included reading the title, abstract and analysis of the adequacy to the inclusion criteria. In this process, the articles repeated among the selected ones were identified and, finally, the definitive selection of eligible references for reading in full was performed. The details of the search can be seen in figure 1.

The results of the researches of both researchers were compared, establishing agreement as to the formulation of the final sample. Initially, the studies were selected based on the title and abstract. Subsequently, the texts were carefully read in order to confirm the articles that answered the guiding question of the study.

The analysis of the results was performed from the complete reading of the articles and the extraction of data related to the theme. The results were organized and presented in tables, and the findings were interpreted and discussed critically and descriptively in light of the relevant literature.

Data extraction

For data extraction, it was performed an adaptation of the form proposed by Ursi and Galvão (2006)¹², contemplating the variables year, place, language, title, indexation base, objective, methodological design and results that answer the research question. With regard to the quality of the studies (Table 2), we used the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP)¹³.

Table 2. Characterization of the studies included in the Review according to the year of publication, country of origin, published language, title, CASP and database. 

Source: Survey data, 2021.

Characterization of the studies included in the Review

Regarding the year of publication of the articles, it was observed a predominance of articles published in 2020, with 11 studies (79%) published in 2020 and three (21%) in 2021. Regarding the language of the manuscripts, all were published in English.

Regarding the themes addressed in the articles, an investigative approach was seen on aspects related to hemodialysis, nursing care management and strategies for coping with the pandemic, such as the use of health technologies and continuing education. Regarding the location where the studies were conducted, there was a predominance of articles from North America (N=09). The details can be seen in table 2.

Regarding the outcomes of the studies (table 3), it is observed that among the themes addressed involving the management of nursing care in the context of Renal Replacement Therapy and COVID-19, the literature discusses the team training. In view of this, taking into account the lack of knowledge of the new coronavirus, especially at the beginning of the pandemic and the challenges it imposed on the health system, the training of health professionals was one of the ways to deal with COVID-19.

Table 3. Characterization of the studies included in the Review as objective, methodological design and synthesis of strategies for nursing care management in Renal Replacement Therapy in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. 

Table 3 (cont). Characterization of the studies included in the Review as objective, methodological design and synthesis of strategies for nursing care management in Renal Replacement Therapy in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. 

Source: Survey data, 2021.

In the context of health care, technologies were essential to face COVID-19, such as the development of new protocols, aiming at organizing and directing nursing care. In line with this, Continuing Education contributed directly to the fight against the pandemic, being used mainly in forms of training with the team, involving virtual discussions, online workshops, availability of training materials, videoconferences and use of telehealth technology.

Nursing Care Management in Renal Replacement Therapy

In various environments and levels of health care, the role of the nursing professional is revealed in the coordination and management of health teams and services. Currently, nursing accounts for more than half of the workforce in the health care context²⁸.

Nursing was presented as a profession that acts on several fronts in the fight against the pandemic. However, the work of nursing has already been seen in other historical moments, whether in epidemics or catastrophes that have affected humanity. Several times, they put themselves in danger to provide health care. In COVID-19, nurses were exposed to SARS-Cov-2 in long working days²⁹.

In health institutions, timely organizational planning was necessary in order to meet the needs of material and human resources, composition of integrated interventions and definition of various action plans due to the pandemic context. In all the processes for restructuring health services, nursing management was fundamental^30),(31.

From the perspective of renal replacement therapy, the nurse is the professional responsible for managing the care of patients on hemodialysis, which in turn requires knowledge and leadership, and in times of pandemic, resilience and appropriate management to meet the challenges imposed by the new coronavirus. It is urgent to ensure a qualified care with better health outcomes for patients. It is worth noting that, in a certain period of the pandemic, managers and health professionals faced a scenario of uncertainty, being the basis with scientific evidence the best reference for safe care^32),(33.

Among the evidence of the consequences of COVID-19, acute kidney injury is included. As a result, these patients require intensive care, so the nursing team has an important contribution in participating in the management of care to this public, given also the complications of respiratory infections linked to the kidney problem. Given this demand, it is important that nurses develop strategies aimed at patient safety, since they are responsible for managing nursing care³³.

It is also noteworthy that the scenario triggered by the pandemic unveiled new forms of care, through an improved practice and supported by scientific evidence, being able to provide patient safety. Thus, nursing when implementing dialysis to a patient with COVID-19 requires preparation and understanding for the early identification of possible complications in order to mitigate adverse events in the dialysis process³⁴.

Health technologies in the pandemic context

Due to the international public health emergency scenario, there was a need for change in the traditional care model. Healthcare organizations had to interrupt face-to-face care and invest in technological solutions to perform clinical follow-up of patients in a non-face-to-face manner^35),(36. An example of technology observed in the integrative review sample that allowed the continuation of care even remotely is the use of telehealth technology.

Telehealth technology played a significant role in service delivery at three points in the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic: (1) outpatient home care; (2) initial hospital outbreak of COVID-19; and (3) case recovery and treatment^37),(38.

In addition, there is evidence on the benefits of telehealth, such as reducing the time of care, cost / time of travel of the patient to the health service and quality of service provided. Thus, it has become a tool that enables more agile access to expert professionals^39),(40.

Given the scope and flexibility of technologies, such as digital technologies, which in the context of health provide innovative solutions for the provision of services, offering a range of possibilities in situations of epidemics or more serious scenarios, as experienced in the current pandemic⁴¹.

Thus, the advance of interactive technologies in the health area is considered an effective and safe option for patient care, in which it allows contact between the professional and the client. Consequently, the pandemic of COVID-19 caused a revolution in the health sector, since the imposition of the need for new strategies and adequacy of services facing the new reality⁴². Social vulnerability is considered a limiting condition for the population’s access to digital health technologies.

Continuing education in the COVID-19 scenario

Regarding this theme, it was found that some studies address Continuing Education as a strategy, both as a tool for coping with COVID-19, and also to improve the management of nursing care to the patient. And furthermore, reinforcing such statement, Gama and collaborators (2021)⁴³ reinforce the need for constant updating of health professionals, considering the epidemic scenario.

An essential priority in the management of nurses in the care of the individual with COVID-19 is to provide continuous training. In this regard, the World Health Organization recommends training in health services, according to the need for technical and scientific updates^44),(45.

Other literature reinforces this need for training for nursing professionals who are on the front line of the pandemic, aiming at the consistent use of exposure barriers, as well as fundamental adjustments in the structure of operational flows of services and health challenges^46),(47.

Due to the global health crisis, it was necessary to structure Institutional Protocols, based on the Protocols of the Ministry of Health. One of the tactics used for the dissemination of information were educational actions, with the support of Continuing Education, intending the systematization of nursing care⁴⁸.

For Santos and collaborators (2021)⁴⁹, the implementation of Continuing Education during the pandemic was challenging, due to some factors such as keeping up with the numerous protocol updates and, along with that, the training of the multiprofessional team. Thus, this method has several potentialities, such as the propagation and continuous exchange of knowledge among health professionals.

Given the problems emerged by SARS-Cov-2 in public health worldwide, Continuing Education is an essential tool in facing the pandemic of COVID-19, with the purpose of promoting knowledge, transforming professional practice and establishing strategies for coherent assistance⁴⁹.

Limitations of the study

The study is limited by presenting data with a generalist focus, not evidencing actions for the management of nursing care in Renal Replacement Therapy for specific audiences in the context of the pandemic of COVID-19.

Practical considerations

COVID-19 as other pandemics left numerous marks in society, however, the data of previous pandemics were important to project the potentiality of the new coronavirus. Thus, the data presented in this review were essential for the management of nursing care to hemodialysis patients, since health technologies and continuing education were instruments that improved nursing practice for a qualified assistance.

Based on the results of this review, in the management of nursing care for patients undergoing renal replacement therapy with COVID-19, due to the obstacles imposed by the new coronavirus, there has been a need to reorganize and develop new strategies in the global health system. Thus, among the tools used for care management are health technologies, even if not in person, in the case of telehealth.

For nursing, the technologies contributed to various aspects of the care process, such as protocols, which guide assistance and organize the service at the same time. Another important tool for the consolidation of care management in an effective way is the permanent education, which allowed the updating of health professionals, taking into account the constant discoveries about COVID-19.

Thus, such data can serve for future epidemics/pandemics, given the frequency of these phenomena. Considering the technologies and continuing education as essential tools to assist in the health-disease context, and also in the professionals’ training processes.