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Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas
versión impresa ISSN 1130-0108
Rev. esp. enferm. dig. vol.102 no.1 Madrid ene. 2010
Should anorectal ultrasonography be included as a diagnostic tool for chronic anal pain?
¿Se debe incluir la ecografía rectoanal como prueba diagnóstica del dolor anal crónico?
M. J. García-Montes, F. Argüelles-Arias, S. Jiménez-Contreras, S. Sánchez-Gey, F. Pellicer-Bautista and J. M. Herrerías-Gutiérrez
Service of Gastroenterology. University Hospital Virgen Macarena. Sevilla, Spain
ABSTRACT
Objective: to assess the efficiency of endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) in the study of chronic idiopathic anal pain (CIAP).
Material and method: this is a prospective and descriptive study in which 40 patients, 18 men and 22 women with an average of 47 years, were included. They had chronic anal pain of at least 3 months' duration. A complete colonoscopy was performed in all patients, which found no abnormalities to explain clinical symptoms. Patients with anal fissure and internal hemorrhoids of any degree, perianal suppurative processes, and pelvic surgery were excluded from the study. An ALOKA ProSound SSD-4000 ultrasound console attached to a multifrequency radial transductor ASU-67 (7.5 and 10 MHz) was used.
Results: one patient could not tolerate the examination. In 8 patients (20% of cases) alterations were detected during ultrasonography: in 4 patients (10% of the cases; 1 man and 3 women) internal anal sphincter (IAS) hypertrophy, and in 5 patients (4 women and 1 man) a torn sphincter complex. A tear in the upper IAS canal and hypertrophy of the middle anal canal were observed in one patient (1 woman).
Conclusions: ERUS is a simple, economic and useful test to study anorectal pathologies. Although in most studied cases no damage to the anal canal or rectal wall was detected, in a considerable number of patients we observed a thickening of the IAS, a probable cause of anal pain. Therefore, we understand that ERUS should be included in the study of CIAP.
Key words: Anorectal ultrasound. Chronic idiopathic anal pain. Internal anal sphincter hypertrophy. Anorectal ultrasonography. Anal pain.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: evaluar el rendimiento de la ecografía rectoanal (ERA) en el estudio del dolor anal crónico idiopático (DACI).
Material y método: se trata de un estudio prospectivo y descriptivo en el que se han incluido 40 pacientes, 18 hombres y 22 mujeres, con edad media de 47 años, con clínica de dolor anal crónico de al menos 3 meses de evolución. A todos los pacientes se les había realizado una colonoscopia completa, en la que no se encontró anomalía que justificara la clínica. Se excluyeron del estudio pacientes con fisura anal y con hemorroides internas de cualquier grado, enfermedad supurativa perianal y cirugía pélvica. Se utilizó un ecógrafo ALOKA ProSound SSD-4000 al que se conectó un transductor radial multifrecuencia ASU-67 (7,5 y 10 MHz).
Resultados: un paciente no toleró la exploración. En 8 pacientes (20% de los casos estudiados) se detectaron alteraciones en el estudio ecográfico: en 4 pacientes, 10% de los casos (1 hombre y 3 mujeres), hipertrofia del esfínter anal interno (EAI) y en 5 pacientes (4 mujeres y 1 hombre) rotura del complejo esfinteriano. En una mujer se observó rotura de EAI en canal alto e hipertrofia del mismo en el canal medio.
Conclusiones: la ecografía rectoanal es una prueba sencilla, económica y útil para el estudio de la patología rectoanal. Si bien, en la mayoría de los casos estudiados no se han detectado lesiones en el canal anal ni en la pared rectal, en un porcentaje no desdeñable de pacientes hemos observado engrosamiento del EAI, que podría considerarse posible causa del dolor anal. Por tanto, consideramos que la ecografía rectoanal debe ser incluida en el estudio del dolor anal crónico idiopático.
Palabras clave: Ecografía rectoanal. Dolor anal crónico idiopático. Hipertrofia del esfínter anal interno. Ecografía endoanal. Dolor anal.
Introduction
Chronic anal pain (CAP) is a common pathology in our environment, accounting for 30-40% of consultations for anal pain (1). CAP is characterized by pain, usually deep and severe, in the middle anal canal, with a variable radiation and which is aggravated by sitting; sleep is not impaired as pain is relieved by lying down (2). A high percentage of patients had undergone previous anal surgery or dystocic deliveries, and many of them had associated psychological disorders (3,4). Some other entities can be included in CAP, like proctalgia fugax, coccygodynia, anus elevator syndrome, descending perineum syndrome, chronic idiopathic anal pain, and pudendal neuralgia.
The diagnosis of chronic idiopathic anal pain (CAP) is mainly based on clinical features, pain radiation and personal history, and, on the other hand, on the absence of any other organic pathology that could justify this condition (5). Hence, ruling out the presence of organic causes, like hemorrhoids, chronic fissures, perianal suppurative conditions and endometriosis of the rectovaginal septum, among other disorders responsible for anorectal pain, is very important. In this way, anorectal ultrasonography (ARUS) is an imaging technique that allows visualization of the rectal walls and the anal canal. Its utility is clearly defined for anorectal cancer staging, in the study of anal incontinence, and for perianal sepsis (6,7).
With ARUS the rectum and the anus may be explored. It is the most effective test to explore the sphincter complex completely, allowing observing the internal anal sphincter (IAS), a hypoechoic ring 1 to 3 mm thick depending on age and gender, and the external anal sphincter (EAS), which is observed as an echogenic layer 5 to 8 mm thick (8).
Objetives
Chronic idiopathic anal pain (CIAP) has hardly been studied, although its incidence among the general population is quite high, especially among women. In most cases no organic cause is found, which consequently complicates effective treatment. With this study we propose assessing the utility of anorectal ultrasounds for the study of CIAP.
Material and method
A prospective and descriptive study was carried out between 2005 and June 2008, which included 40 patients, 18 men and 22 women, with an average age of 47 years, chronic anorectal pain of unknown origin at the time of inclusion, and duration longer than 3 months. A complete examination was performed on every patient - colonoscopy reaching the cecum, anal examination and rectal digital exam, abdominal ultrasounds, and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In some patients an anorectal manometry was performed, and women also had a gynecologic consultation.
Exclusion criteria were: patients diagnosed with complicated hemorrhoids, anal fissure, perianal suppurative conditions, and hypertrophied anal papillae (Table I).
An ALOKA ProSound SSD-400 ultrasound device with an associated multifrequency radial ultrasound transductor (7.5 and 10 MHz) ASU-67 was used. Previous to ERUS a cleansing microenema was instilled 2 hours before the procedure. Patients were explored on a stretcher in the left lateral decubitus position with bent knees. In the first place, exploration and rectal exam including sensitivity and sphincter complex tone were carried out. Afterwards the ultrasound transductor was introduced, covered by a latex sheath and lubricated, reaching the rectum, and was then gently removed while images of the rectal wall and the anal canal were obtained. All explorations were performed by only one explorer.
All explorations were done systematically: first, a visualization of rectal walls to rule out any damage at this level and possible endometriosis sources on the rectovaginal septum; second, an exploration of the upper anal canal, including the puborectal muscle (PRM) and IAS; third, the middle anal canal, measuring the IAS; and finally the lower anal canal measuring the EAS. IAS measurement was always done in the middle anal canal, at 9 and 6 o'clock. Following Santoro's criteria (9), normality was considered when IAS thickness was between 1 and 3.5 mm in men and 1.2 to 2.9 mm in women. Normal EAS thickness was between 2.6 and 8 mm in men and from 3 to 8.5 mm in women (10). Therefore, we considered a pathologic homogeneous thickening of the IAS over 3.5 mms.
Results
This test was carried out in all patients except one, as the insertion of the probe resulted in acute pain. In 8 patients (20% of cases) abnormalities were observed in the ultrasound study. IAS hypertrophy was observed in 4 patients: a 25-year-old man and 3 women of 25, 55 and 67 years of age (Table II). When IAS hypertrophy was detected, we insisted on familiar precedents of CIAP and none of the patient's relatives had a clinical history of that condition. Biopsy was suggested to the patient with the largest hypertrophy to rule out hereditary hypertrophy, but she refused. In these measurements values were higher than 3.5 mm but not over 5 mm except for the latter patient, a 55-year-old woman who reached 5.5 mm. In 50% of our cases, both women, an anxious-depressive syndrome due to familiar stress was present. In 2 of 4 cases with IAS hypertrophy, treatment with diazepam (10 mg per day) was started, observing improvement after 3 months of treatment. In 4 patients, anorectal manometry was performed increasing basal pressure of the anal canal in 3 of the 4 cases.
In Table II we may observe other ultrasonographic abnormalities - sphincter complex disruptions in 3 women due to obstetric causes and in a man due to hemorrhoidectomy, which caused no fecal incontinence to this day. A 67-year-old woman with IAS hypertrophy had scarring on the puborrectal muscle and a torn upper sphincter due to dystocic delivery. These cases were transferred to the Gynecology Unit to complete their study; no pathology other than above was identified, and no treatment was required (Figs. 1-4).
Discussion
ERUS is a very useful technique for anal and rectal conditions, with very clear indications in rectal and anal canal cancer staging, perianal sepsis, and anal incontinence (11). The aim of this study, which is merely descriptive, was to determine the utility of this test for chronic anal pain to rule out organic causes, mainly the presence of perianal sepsis (fistulous tract without outward opening or abscesses) and IAS thickening (12). As proved in other studies (13), we believe that endometriosis of the rectovaginal septum must be ruled out, especially if there is a previous history of endometriosis (14).
In our series abnormalities were observed in 20% of the analyzed cases (8 patients). In 4 patients (one man and 3 women) a hypertrophied IAS was observed, and in 5 patients (4 women and one man) a torn IAS. Undoubtedly, a torn IAS does not explain chronic anal pain, although we believe that hypertrophied IAS should be considered as a probable cause of anal pain. We considered 3.5 mm the limit of normality, according to Santoro (9). Nonetheless, it is known that sphincter thickness varies according to gender (15) and, especially, to age, as it increases with age (16,17). Most authors believe that an IAS thicker than 3.5 mm at any age or in any gender should be considered pathologic (18).
A thickened IAS has been described in some cases of proctalgia fugax. In the study conducted by Gracia Solanas, 15 patients with clinical criteria of proctalgia fugax were assessed with endoanal ultrasounds, which determined a thickening of more than 3.5 mm on the IAS in 5 cases (19). A diagnosis of thickened IAS as a cause of anal pain allows effective treatment for these patients. In the latter study, these patients benefited from a more aggressive treatment such as sphinterectomy (19). In the study carried out by Sánchez Romero et al. (20) 5 patients with proctalgia fugax were treated with botulinum toxin, with a clear improvement in all of them. It is significant that in none of these patients ERUS detected a hypertrophied anal sphincter. In another study including 198 patients with proctalgia fugax, no lesions were detected with ERUS (21). However, in the study published by Pascual et al. (22) patients with anal pain with or without previous surgery were observed. In this study, more than 50% of patients had a hypertrophied sphincter, this becoming the most frequent ultrasonographic finding associated with spontaneous proctalgia.
Several cases of hereditary hypertrophy of the IAS have already been described, showing ERUS as the most sensitive and specific technique (23-28). It is an infrequent entity but medical or surgical treatment improves most cases. A hypertrophied anal sphincter has also been described in children with chronic constipation (29). In a study published by Christiansen et al. (5) ultrasound studies were performed on 18 patients, 13 women and 5 men with chronic anal pain, and showed that in 12 cases some ultrasound abnormalities were present. In 5 cases, hypoechoic areas were observed on the IAS, in 3 cases hypoechoic areas were observed on the EAS, in 3 cases abnormalities were seen in both sphincters, and in 1 case a thickened IAS was found. We considered that these findings were due to the surgical history of these patients, as most had undergone colorectal surgery (for instance, patients with anal dilations characteristically have hypoechoic areas on the IAS, so their findings are not comparable to ours). Doubtlessly, our study has several limitations: on the one hand, clinical follow-up is not available for all patients, although it is for patients with a thickened IAS. Anorectal manometry was performed in these cases, reporting an increase in anal canal pressure supporting the hypothesis that this induces anal pain. However, our aim was to asses whether ERUS may play a role in this pathology which, although being benign in nature, is very disabling for some patients, with an important decrease in quality of life and a high consumption of health resources.
In conclusion, ERUS is a simple, comfortable, fast, economic and useful technique for anorectal examination. Although a limited series of patients with CAP is presented, we consider that ERUS should be included to rule out organic causes for this disorder, especially sphincter thickening, which could benefit from medical or surgical treatment thus improving a quality of life that would otherwise be doomed. The percentage of patients with hypertrophy is not particularly high but, as this is an economic, simple test, we think that it should be considered for this type of patient.
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Correspondence:
Federico Argüelles Arias.
Servicio de Aparato Digestivo.
Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena.
Avda. Dr. Fedriani, 3. 41071 Sevilla.
e-mail: farguelles@telefonica.net
Received: 06-04-09.
Accepted: 07-10-09.