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INTRODUCTION
Tooth-coloured restorations are currently in high demand as they mimic the natural appearance of the teeth. Composite resins have therefore become important dental restorative materials due to their aesthetic features, as well as improved physical and mechanical properties; furthermore, it is a minimally invasive dental procedure1,2. Drinks, food, and the oral environment, including saliva and pH, affect the mechanical properties of dental resins3,4, which may cause changes in the wear resistance of the resin composite and a reduction in surface hardness5. Consequently, there is increased surface roughness, leading to unfavourable plaque accumulation, staining of the composite, and eventual failure of the restoration, thus impacting the longevity, durability, and degradation of the restorations6,7.
Mouthwashes are widely used worldwide8 to try to solve various dental problems even without a written prescription; they are used as adjuvants in treating gingivitis and periodontitis, halitosis, and to help prevent caries. There are many different types of mouthwashes, each with different components such as fluoride, antimicrobial agents, preservatives, salt, alcohol, and various flavors9. However, regular use of mouthwash may have a negative effect on dental restorations and/or oral tissues.
Frequent use of mouthwashes may increase the risk of pigmentation, dry mouth, and changes in the physical properties of composite resin restorations10. The extent of the changes of the physical properties of the composites, such as microhardness, mainly depends on the type and composition of the used materials9. Alcohol-containing mouthwashes cause wear and surface degeneration in dental restorations. Other materials present in mouthwashes, such as detergents, emulsifiers, and organic acids, may also have adverse effects on composite restorations9.
An ideal restorative material should function as natural teeth and be equally durable, which requires sufficient values of mechanical properties such as hardness, compressive strength, and flexural strength11,12. Composite restorations are mostly used in clinical practice to replace old dental restorations because of their aesthetics, ease of use, and lower invasiveness to the tooth structure13.
Several factors can affect the long-term durability of composite restorations including secondary caries or fractures12. The microhardness of restorative materials is an important feature, as it must be able to withstand intraoral compressive strength and be resistant to softening14; a low surface hardness is more prone to wear, resulting in fracture15.
Different types of mouthwashes are available in the market and many have not been studied to determine their effects on dental restorations. In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of several commercial mouthwashes on the microhardness of aesthetic composite restorative materials.
METHODS
This experimental study was developed and approved (Ref. FR0609) by the College of Dentistry Research Centre, at the King Saud University (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia).
Composite restorations preparation
For this study, we selected Tetric N-Ceram composite (Ivoclar Vivadent Inc., Amherst, New York, USA). This composite contains about 19-20% of dimethacrylates, ytterbium trifluoride, barium glass, additives, initiators, stabilizers, pigments, and about 80% of mixed oxide and copolymers.
Thirty cylindrical composite specimens were prepared with a diameter of 10 mm and 3 mm height with the aid of a stainless-steel mould. Each mould was placed on a glass slide and filled with the resin composite to a slight excess using a composite filling instrument. Next, each specimen was covered with a clear matrix strip, and another glass slide was placed on the top to remove excess material and obtain smooth surfaces. Each specimen was cured for 40 seconds from the top and bottom using a LED light cure unit, following the instructions provided by the manufacturer. All specimens were kept in saline solution for 24 hours at 37 °C. The baseline microhardness of each specimen was recorded using an Innovatest Vickers Micro-Hardness Tester (Innovatest, New York, USA) with a load of 300 g and a dwell time of 15 s. Three points on each specimen with a distance of 1 mm between them were selected to obtain microhardness readings, and the averages of the three readings were calculated for each specimen.
Immersion of composite specimens in mouthwashes
We selected three commercially available mouth-washes for this study: Closeup® Antibacterial Mouthwash Cool Breeze (Unilever, Russia), Colgate® Plax (Colgate-Palmolive, Thailand), and Listerine® Teeth & Gum Defence (Johnson & Johnson, Italy); the composition of each mouthwash is detailed in Appendix I.
The 30 composite specimens were randomly divided into three groups of ten specimens; each group corresponded to one of the selected mouthwashes. All specimens were immersed in 20 mL of the selected mouthwash for 24 h at 37 °C in an incubator, which almost equals 2 min of rinsing daily for two years; the specimens were then removed from the mouthwashes and dried under air at room temperature (25°C).
The surface microhardness was rechecked as described above for baseline records. The pH was measured for each mouthwash using a Mettler Toledo® SevenEasy pH digital pH-meter (Mettler-Toledo, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland).
Statistical analysis
Microhardness values for each group were presented as mean and standard deviation (SD). Pre versus post immersion comparisons were carried out using Student’s paired t-test. Mean differences (pre- and post-immersion) for each group were shown as mean and SD and median and interquartile range (IQR); intergroup comparisons of these differences were performed using the Games-Howell post hoc test. All calculations were performed with SPSS version 26 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, US). The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.
RESULTS
The pH measurement for Closeup® was neutral, while for Listerine® and Colgate® Plax it was acid in nature; the pH in Listerine® was 30.1% more acid than in Colgate® Plax (Table 1).
Table 1. pH of mouthwashes and microhardness of composite dental restorations before and after immersion in in each mouthwash.
| Mouthwash | pH | n | Pre-Immersion | Post-Immersion | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||
| Closeup® Antibacterial Mouthwash Cool Breeze | 7.02 | 10 | 50.45 (0.65) | 51.40 (0.65) | 0.015* |
| Colgate® Plax | 5.62 | 10 | 50.66 (0.75) | 50.35 (0.85) | 0.301 |
| Listerine® Teeth and Gum Defense | 4.34 | 10 | 50.40 (0.79) | 50.01 (1.68) | 0.574 |
*:paired t-test.
Pre-immersion composite microhardness was very similar in the three mouthwash groups (range: 50.40-50.66).
We observed a reduction in microhardness in composite samples immersed in the Colgate® and Listerine® mouthwashes (-0.61% and -0.77%, respectively), although without statistical significance. The greatest reduction of microhardness was seen for the Listerine® mouthwash group. Conversely, a significant increase of composite microhardness was found for the Closeup® mouthwash group (+1.88%, p = 0.015) (Table 1).
The differences in microhardness pre- and post-immersion in each mouthwash were calculated and showed a great variability (Table 2). The increase in microhardness observed for Closeup® was significantly different from the decrease for Colgate®. Moreover, although we found a greater reduction in composite microhardness with Listerine® than with Colgate®, the difference was not statistically significant.
Table 2. Inter-group comparison of differences in microhardness of composite after immersion in each mouthwash.
| Mouthwash | Difference post- pre | Compared to | p-value (Games-Howell) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | |||
| Closeup® Antibacterial Mouthwash Cool Breeze | 0.95 (0.99) | 0.72 (1.66) | Colgate® / Listerine® | 0.021 / 0.206 |
| Colgate® Plax | -0.31 (0.89) | -0.08 (1.67) | Listerine® | 0.993 |
| Listerine® Teeth and Gum Defense | -0.39 (2.11) | -0.70 (3.80) | - | - |
DISCUSSION
Many studies have reported negative effects of alcohol-containing mouthwashes on composite restorations2,16-19. George et al.16 and Kocchar et al.17, describe how the presence of alcohol in Listerine® decreases the hardness of dental restorative materials 18 19.
Here, we show some reduction of microhardness even with alcohol-free mouthwashes, in line with previous studies reporting that alcohol-free mouthwashes may also affect the properties of composite restorations20. It is very important to be aware of the ingredients when using a mouthwash, as some may have negative effects on dental restorations.
The insignificant reduction of microhardness in the Colgate® Plax and Listerine® groups is in line with the results of a study carried out by Urbano et al.21 The reduction in microhardness observed with Listerine® is higher than in the other groups, which may be attributed to benzoic acid, one of its components.
Among the group of studied mouthwashes, Listerine® has the lowest pH; its acidic nature may lower composite microhardness22,23 and reduce oral pH, which affects the matrix of the polymer and reduce its microhardness24. Previous studies support these results16,25, while other studies indicate that the presence of sodium fluoride (a component in Listerine®) may reduce surface hardness8,26,27.
Our study shows an increase in microhardness in the Closeup® group, probably due to the presence of zinc in the mouthwash; the addition of zinc to the composite resin may enhance its mechanical properties28. Moreover, the Closeup® mouthwash has a neutral pH (7.02), and therefore there is no negative acid effect on microhardness24.
There are some limitations to our in vitro study. Firstly, the effect of the oral environment was not considered, including the presence of saliva, food, beverages, or the pH of the oral cavity. The small sample size may explain the high pre- and post-immersion heterogeneity and the inability to detect inter-group differences in some cases. Further studies should be developed with larger sample size and different types of mouthwashes and composite restorative materials for a comprehensive understanding of the effect of mouthwashes on the microhardness of such restorations.
The findings of this study suggest that alterations on the surface microhardness of restorative composites, either negative (with Colgate® and Listerine®) or positive (with Closeup®), are associated to the composition of the mouthwash. The adverse effect of mouthwashes on dental restorations seems to be caused by their acidic content and low pH (clearly seen with Listerine®); thus, it is advisable to limit the use of this type of mouthwashes to cases for which they are prescribed; furthermore, mouthwashes that contain acids or have low pH should not be prescribed.
