SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.16 número47Estrategias de afrontamiento familiar y repercusiones en la salud familiar: Una revisión de la literaturaCurrículum enfermero y estrategias pedagógicas en materia de sostenibilidad medioambiental en los procesos de salud y cuidado índice de autoresíndice de assuntospesquisa de artigos
Home Pagelista alfabética de periódicos  

Serviços Personalizados

Journal

Artigo

Indicadores

Links relacionados

  • Em processo de indexaçãoCitado por Google
  • Não possue artigos similaresSimilares em SciELO
  • Em processo de indexaçãoSimilares em Google

Compartilhar


Enfermería Global

versão On-line ISSN 1695-6141

Enferm. glob. vol.16 no.47 Murcia Jul. 2017  Epub 01-Jul-2017

https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.16.3.256091 

Revisiones

Adverse events related to pratical assistence: an integrative review

Mirela Lopes de Figueiredo1  , Maria D'Innocenzo2 

1Nurse. Master of Science. Doctorate Student of Science by the Paulista Nursing School of the University of São Paulo (EPE-UNIFESP). Professor of the Nursing Department of the State University of UNIMONTES.

2Nurse. Doctor of Science. Professor of the Paulista Nursing School of the Federal University of São Paulo (EPE-UNIFESP).

ABSTRACT

Objective

To identify the scientific publications about adverse events related to practical assistance and discuss the culture of patient safety.

Methods

An integrative literature review was done through research in MEDLINE, LILACS and BDENF available in BVS, using the following descriptors: patient safety, patient assistance, surveillance of sentinel event, safety management. 26 scientific articles published in the period defined for this review, 2005 to 2015 met the inclusion criteria.

Results

The analysis of the articles revealed five major categories: characteristics of adverse events related to practical assistance, adverse events occurrence implications, measures for the prevention of adverse events, notifications of adverse events and the intervenient factors and the knowledge and the culture of safety.

Conclusion

The punitive culture comes as responsible for underreporting and omission of adverse events, being constituted a barrier to effective implementation of investigations. It is essential to foster a safety culture to establish strategies that ensure the care provision free of damage.

Descriptors Patient Care; Patient Safety; Safety Management; Sentinel Surveillance; Quality of Health Care

INTRODUCTION

The theme related to patient safety reached global repercussion from the publishing of the report of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health Care System, at the end of the 90s, which led the Global health organization to create a work force to evaluate patient safety in health care. The high rates of adverse events shown through epidemiological studies, frequently made by human error, led to a rethinking of care models that were used up until then (1. The notoriousness of the theme gave origin to campaigns, programs and projects to orient actions to better practice, diminish damage cause by non safe practices and stimulate the creation of notifying mechanisms of error and damage2. In this sense the program of World Alliance for Patient Safety was created in 2004. The Project includes Canada and the United States, and in Latin American countries which are in Mercosul have been articulating to sign a commitment term that has as a fundamental approach the prevention of damage in patients and the central element is the action named “Global challenge”, that from time to time releases a priority theme to be dealt with and a progress report (1)(3.

The discussion of the theme in Brazil started in 2002 with the creation of the Brazilian Network of Sentinel Hospitals by the National Health Surveillance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária - ANVISA), that has voluntary participation and has as aim to notify adverse events and technical complaints regarding technovigilance, pharmacovigilance and hemovigilance4. The National Patient Safety Program (Programa Nacional de Segurança do Paciente - PNSP), that was released in 2013 based on the network experience, was instituted through the ministerial ordinance number 529/13 in the Health Ministry and in the Assembly Board Resolution (Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada - RDC) 36/2013, that institutes actions for patient safety in health care. Both programs led to the creation of the Center of Patient Safety (NSP- Núcleo de Segurança do Paciente) in health care through Patient Safety Plan in Health Care (Plano de Segurança do Paciente - PSP)4)(5.

Patient Safety is defined as being a reduction, to a minimum, of the unnecessary damage risk related to health care. The minimum that is accepted refers to the current state of knowledge, available findings and to the context in which the care is offered. Adverse event is considered the incident which results in damage to health. On the other hand, damage is the impairment of structure of body function and/or any effect caused by it, including diseases, injury, suffering, death, inability or dysfunction, that can be physical, social or psychological5)(7.

The lack of understanding of the error can entail to the Professional feelings of shame, gilt and fear, due to the high punishment culture that is still existing in some institutions that contributes to the concealing of these events8)(9)(10)(11. The health institutions’ management understanding that the adverse events are many times directly related to flaws in the system is necessary and they are not only related to negligence or Professional incompetence. Therefore, it is imperative to identify the existing fragilities in the process and to adopt preventive measures more than looking for guilty ones9)(10)(11)(12. Patient safety is a current theme that is in global discussion that has been frequently dealt in the media. In this sense, this study had as a goal to identify the scientific publications about adverse events related to practical assistance and to discuss the patient safety culture.

METHOD

This is an integrative literature review, that is a method that synthesizes prior research results in a systematical and ordered manner, facilitating the building of a broad analysis and thereby, contributing for the further development of the knowledge of the theme at issue13.

For the search in literature, descriptors in Health Science (DeCS) were limited to: patient safety, patient care, sentinel event vigilance, safety management. The combinations of descriptors that were applied were: patient safety and patient care; sentinel event vigilance and patient care; safety management and patient care. It is valid to clarify that the term “adverse event” is not considered as a descriptor by the DeCS, hence, therefore it refers to the central of the theme in this work, it could not be used as a descriptor in the search phase. The research and selection of articles was conducted in the databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System on Line (MEDLINE), Latin-American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS - Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde) and in the Nursing DataBases (BDENF - Banco de Dados em Enfermagem) that were available in the Virtual Health Library (BVS - Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde).

Scientific articles of diverse methodological approaches that were published in the last 10 years and that were fully available and with easy access to the researchers and that were relevant to the studied theme of the research were included in the sorting of the literature sample and data collection. The research included published articles in Portuguese, English and Spanish. The selection of the articles involved the initial evaluation through titles and abstracts, when met requirements above reading and analysis were done in full. Articles that only had available abstracts, publications that did not relate to the study theme and those that presented duplicity were excluded.

A total of 4706 articles were found, and from these 26 were selected. It is worth to clarify that the significant number of excluded materials (4680) is due to the fact that many did not fit the established inclusion criteria, an expressive number was in books, dissertation, thesis and monographs formats and were in other databases that were not selected. Still, many articles were not available in open access and repeated themselves amongst databases. Strictness on the studied subject was aimed when including articles in this research.

All included publications were read in full and analyzed for the filling of a spreadsheet which collects and syntheses information about the identification of the article and authors; year of publication; study objectives; methodological characteristics; results and conclusions. The presentation of the results and data analysis found was done in a descriptive way.

RESULTS

The selected articles in this study 14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34 are described in Table 1, that presents the articles according to the title, journal and year of publication, author, methodological outlines, sample, level of evidence in publications, objectives and main results. From the 26 articles, 19 (73,1%) were found in LILACS, 4 (15,4%) in MEDLINE and 3 (11,5%) in BDENF.

Table 1 Description of the published articles from 2005 to 2015 of adverse events related to practical assistance. 

As much as the year of publication, the majority of the articles, 27%, were from 2013, 19% were from 2014, and the years of 2009, 2010 and 2011 were 11,6% each. The majority of the publications were developed by nurses, 22 (85%). In relation to the methodology outline of the articles, a prevalence of quantitative studies were found, corresponding to a total of 17 researches (65,3%). It was verified that as for the level of evidence, three (11,5%) were of the fourth15)(20)(30 and fifth14)(29)(36 levels, 18 (69%) were in level six 16)(17)(18)(19)(21)(22)(23)(25)(26)(27)(28)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(37)(38 and two (8%) belonged to level seven24)(39.

The analysis of the articles allowed the identification of the main aspects of relevance of the adverse events related to the practical assistance in four categories: Characteristics and implications of adverse events related to practical assistances; Preventive measures of adverse events; Notification of adverse events and the intervenient factors; The Safety knowledge and culture.

DISCUSSION

Adverse Events’ characteristics and implications related to practical assistance

this review, events related to practical assistance could be identified in various types and that studies in different regions of the country have the frequency of the occurrence and characterization of events as study aim.

A research which analyzed nursing register books, of a pediatric unit, found that the events associated to the vascular access were the most prevalent with a number of 227 (40,8%), followed by events with probes, tubes and catheters 151 (27,2%), and events related with medication were of 86 (15,5%). The unscheduled removal was the most frequent event related to tubes, probes and catheters17. In a similar way, a study pointed out that 57,6% of adverse events related to tubes, gastric and/or enteric, followed by falling related events 16,5%, and to medication 14,8%38.

The investigation done in general hospital in the countryside of São Paulo reveal a prevalence of events related to medication errors (59%), pressure ulcer being the second event with the most occurrence notifications (15%). The rest of notifications were lower than 6%: skin injury, accidental extubation, phlebitis, loss of catheters, probes and tubes. Regarding the medication error, errors related to delays were prevalent 48,8%, and dispensing errors 16,5%, highlighting the non administration of medication according to medical prescription 8,7% (33.

Supporting these findings, the research found that the majority of adverse events related to the administering of medication pointed out that in this type of event the lack of correct register as checking medical prescription and the noting down of hydric balance prevailed 37.

A multi-centered research done in Brazilian university hospitals belonging to the Sentinel Network of ANVISA, revealed that many patients do not receive appropriate dosage for their treatment, what compromises the quality of the given care, apart from prolonging the hospital stay time. Yet, inadequate dosage can cause unwanted effects and, even, the death of the person. In relation to the pharmacological classes involved in medication errors, the majority belonged to bronchodilators, followed by analgesics, antihypertensives and antimicrobials34.

When investigating the knowledge of the nursing team on medication errors, it was found that their members know and recognizes medication errors. Yet, when there is an omission in the administration of medications, the majority (79,0%) do not characterize the occurrence as an error. The omission is a medication error defined as a non administration of a prescribed dosage to the patient (25. This type of error is a multi-professional issue and the circumstances that involve it are multifactorial, not being limited to just one professional category (39.

Regarding to the location, in the review study, the events happened mainly in the infirmary (37 patients, 56,9%) and in the surgery center (20 patients, 30,8%)30. Another study pointed out that the intensive unit care hold the higher frequency of adverse events in medications (43,7%), followed by infirmary (25%) and surgery centers (25%)32. A research that followed 399 hospitalized patients in intensive unit care of two hospitals in São Paulo identified a total of 15,054 adverse events and incidents with no injuries, 98,75% of analyzed hospital admissions. The incidents with no injuries (12.737, 84,6%) affected 391 admissions and the AEs (2.317, 15,4%) affected 296 admissions. Therefore, 74,2% of admissions suffered at least one AE during stay in evaluated the intensive care units15, a similar finding on another research on the topic21.

Some factors can contribute for the occurrence of adverse events. A research done in Rio de Janeiro revealed that the most frequent factors are the non commitment to the norm, in other words, “it was not verified or did not follow the protocol or clinic guideline”, 55,9% of the cases, those with causes on technical errors 14,7%, and professional skills with 11,8% of the analyzed cases20. A study found that a frequent cause for occurrence of adverse events in surgery was the routine of the non scheduling of elected procedures, followed by the statement that the member of the nursing team was overloaded with work, the happening of occurrences in the unit was also indicated as the cause and lack of communication was reported, whether it was during changes in the shift or among the members of the multidisciplinary team (26.

Medication errors can be caused in the difficulty of the usage of the computerized system33.

The presence of abbreviations of the data can difficult the understanding of the information by the nursing team that is directly responsible for the preparation and the dose administration. Apart from this, the absence of dosage in the drug prescription can lead to a less or over dose administration in relation to the desirable dose for the treatment, resulting in the non reaching of pharmacotherapeutic goals 36. However, literature points out that many studies associate medication errors to personnel sizing and to the working hours of the members of the nursing team15)(26)(28)(29. The overload of work of nursing professionals must be understood as a consequence of various factors and, for it to be solved, the manager must use strategies in several levels15)(29. Still, the managers must consider, as shown in literature15)(20)(21)(27) that with the extended stay in day numbers of patient hospitalization involved in AEs, the increase of reimbursement, the high rate of mortality, pressure ulcer, sepsis and pneumonia are consequences of AEs.

Preventive measures of adverse events

Several strategies have been adopted to prevent the occurrence of incidents and adverse events, as the strengthening of patient safety politics, the adoption of quality programs, the implementation of checklists in safe surgery, the implementation of protocols, team training, evaluation of the early risk of falling and the evaluation of potential risks for pressure ulcer development21,25,33. The identification of assistance risks is done mainly by the nurse in the moment of the patient’s admission. This action shows the management of the care of this professional, as well as the concern with the ethic and legal aspects that the institution will have to answer in case of damage occurrence to the patient28.

The administering of medication process cannot be dissociated of an interdisciplinary team work36. The key to medication error reduction is to simplify the processes by reducing the number of steps making a standard system, from the stage of electronic medical prescription; with no abbreviations; with standard time; distribution of drugs in the pharmacy always under supervision by the pharmacist, preferably in unique dose, up to the protocols of medication administration37. This way, the use of result indicators as adverse events are fundamental quality tools by pointing to aspects of care that can be improved making patient assistance free from risks and failures and, therefore, safer23)(38.

Adverse events notifications and intervenient factors

The adverse event notification is a helping instrument for the management of health care, thus, it is important in the identification of problems and in the search of alternatives to solve incidents related to health assistance18,23,28-29,33,35. The notification system of AE allows the professionals of assistance to share responsibilities with the managers and stimulate corrective actions, with the non repetition of errors and prevention of future AEs in sight. It also revealed itself as useful in denouncing inadequacy in human resources, as well as other institutional weaknesses. The expectation of manager support and professional safety are conditions that encourage professionals to notify the experienced difficulties and distresses in practical assistance18. According to the Global Health Organization, this concept, in fact, must be reformulated, in the sense that the notification of unwanted facts starts from professionals that are in the front line, doctors, nurses, technicians or nursing auxiliaries, rather than exclusively from higher hierarchy agents11.

Analyzed studies pointed to the nurse as being the professional that makes more adverse events notifications and also responsible for this action18)(35. Perhaps, pressured by the daily problems, they use the notification system, to inform their superiors, about the tension in the relationships during assistance, being a result of conflicts, and to search help in the management of the situations18. The technicians and nursing auxiliaries understand that they can notify, however, show doubt on the authorization to do it and they do not feel enlightened on how to proceed with the registering, making the preference to report the fact to the nurse so that he or she can register it. This way, it is necessary to demystify the centered notification in the nurse professional, promoting orientation and clarifying opportunities to stimulate full participation of all professionals18.

To contribute on the identification of risk situations and their management, the occurrence register of AE, as an institutional document, must be preferably anonymous, confidential and not used as an instrument of professional accusation18)(35. The punitive culture damages the event notification and its existence can be proven by the reports of actions of reprehension and punishment of team members, especially in the nursing team. In this context, communicational barriers imply in more adverse occurrences, in the sense that as the feedback of information on the generated consequences by the adverse events and its most effective alternative proposals for its use do not happen, ends up hindering its use19)(23)(29)(37.

In this context, notifying is as important as the quality of the registers. A study detected that close to 80% of the registers were classified as bad and regular and only 20% were classified as having good quality30. However, only with monitoring and constant health team stimulation for the notifications is that the management risk sectors may analyze the results and create preventive measures that can be effective, diminishing the possibilities of new occurrences35)(39.

The knowledge and safety culture

The development of a safety culture, the practice of registering, the discussion of the circumstances in which the incidents happened, as well as the professional and institutional conduct facing the incidents are a path to be followed for the transforming of reality in health institutions21)(29)(38. The professional health team approximation to the matter and to the taxonomy of patient safety is important for the use of a universal language and so that everyone can understand each other in the moment of incident, errors, adverse events communication in the care21)(23.

The fragilities in the institutional Patient Safety restricts the continuing quality improvement in healthcare30. To ensure the wanted safety requires actions of different nature that goes from professional education up to changes in health care. The creation of a safety committee and the establishment of training programs were mentioned as ways to qualify and make the patient service standard28.

A research conducted in Rio Grande do Sul with professionals of the nursing team identified that the nurses presented conceptual answers on the risks that the patients are exposed to and the nursing technicians brought examples of experiences in professional practice, as the risk of falling, infection, medication errors and pressure ulcer development. The interviewees admitted that there were many risks to patient safety even mentioning the measures to control the risks. However the existence of risks managing protocol was not in consensus among the interviewees. The professionals that claimed the existence of risk management mentioned the classifying routine and risk notifications. This action consists in an evaluation made by the nurse in the moment of patient admission, identifying standard situations as risk of falling, risk of escaping, allergies and pressure ulcer28. Another investigation highlighted a fragmented view on patient safety in this environment, being seen as a responsibility of a professional category (or medical team or nursing team). If, on one hand, the statements pointed to an empowerment of the nursing team, the scenes, on the other hand, revealed that the safety responsibility is not shared equally by all teams26.

It is believed that the clarification of these concepts must be an action done by the risk managers or by the service leaders in the area of Quality Management and Patient Safety23. The merging of questions of quality care and patient safety in the governmental and academic agenda is fundamental, as well as the training and updating of professional education on the importance of a truthful and complete register in the health information systems27.

CONCLUSION

The study identified that the strengthening of safety policy, the early evaluation of risks and the notifications were mentioned as the main measures of adverse event prevention. It was evidenced that the articles that made part of the review were mostly developed by a nurse, inferring that this professional is involved in care management as well as patient safety. The punitive culture is responsible for the under notification and omission of events by the health professionals, serving as a barrier for the investigations that could generate efficient preventive measures. It is considered vital the stimulation of safety culture among professionals that make part of the multidisciplinary team, which allows the prevention strategy establishment that ensure patient safety in health institutions.

REFERENCIAS

1. Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS (eds.). To err is human: building a safer health system. Institute of Medicine, Washington: National Academy Press; 2000. 536 p. [ Links ]

2. Leape LL, Berwick DM, Bates DW. What practices will most improve safety? Evidence-based medicine meets patient safety. JAMA. 2002;288(4):501-7. [ Links ]

3. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitária. Estratégias para segurança do paciente em hospitais e clinicas. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde; 2010. [ Links ]

4. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Portaria nº. 529, de 1 de abril de 2013. Institui o Programa Nacional de Segurança do Paciente (PNSP). Diário Oficial da União 1 abr 2013. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde; 2013. [ Links ]

5. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada - RDC nº. 36, de 25 de julho de 2013. Institui ações para a segurança do paciente em serviços de saúde e da outras providências. Diário Oficial da União, 2013. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde; 2013. [ Links ]

6. Mendes W, Martins M, Rozenfeld S, Travassos C. The assessment of adverse events in hospitals in Brazil. Int J Qual Health Care. 2009;21(4):279-84. [ Links ]

7. Leape LL, Brennan TA, Laird N, Lawthers AG, Localio AR, Barnes BA, et al. The nature of adverse events in hospitalized patients. Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study II. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(6):377-84. [ Links ]

8. Daud-Gallotti R, Novaes HMD, Lorenzi MC, Eluf Neto J, Okamura MN, Pizzo VRP. Adverse events in patients with community-acquired pneumonia at an academic tertiary emergency department. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2006;14:350-9. [ Links ]

9. Rothschild JM, Landrigan CP, Cronin JW, Kaushal R, Lockley SW, Burdick E, et al. The Critical Care Safety Study: the incidence and nature of adverse events and serious medical errors in intensive care. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(8):1694-700. [ Links ]

10. Forster AJ, Kyeremanteg K, Hooper J, Shojania KG, Van Walraven C. The impact of adverse events in the intensive care unit on hospital mortality and length of stay. BMC Health Serv Res. 2008;8:259. [ Links ]

11. World Health Organization (WHO). Patient safety research: introductory course - Session 1. What is patient safety? [place unknown]. [internet] WHO; 2012 [acesso 15 jul 2015]. Disponível em: http://www.who.int/patientsafety/research/online_course/en/Links ]

12. Coli RCP, Anjos MF, Pereira LL. The atitudes of nurses from an intensive care unit in the face of errors: an approach in light of bioethics. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2010;18(3):324-30. [ Links ]

13. Mendes KDS, Silveira RCCP, Galvão CM. Revisão integrativa: método de pesquisa para a incorporação de evidências na saúde e na enfermagem. Texto & Contexto Enferm. 2008;17(4):758-64. [ Links ]

14. Duarte SCM, Stipp MAC, Silva MM, Oliveira FT. Eventos adversos e segurança na assistência de enfermagem. Rev Bras Enferm. 2015 jan-fev;68(1):144-54. [ Links ]

15. Novaretti MCZ, Santos EV, Quitério LM, Daud-Gallotti RM. Sobrecarga de trabalho da Enfermagem e incidentes e eventos adversos em pacientes internados em UTI. Rev Bras Enferm. 2014 set-out;67(5):692-9. [ Links ]

16. Burström L, Letterstål A, Engström ML, Berglund A, Enlund M. The patient safety culture as perceived by staff at two different emergency departments before and after introducing a flow-oriented working model with team triage and lean principles: a repeated cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services Research. 2014;14(296):1-12. [ Links ]

17. Rocha JP, Silva AEBC, Bezerra ALQ, Sousa MRG, Moreira IA. Eventos adversos identificados nos relatórios de enfermagem em uma clínica pediátrica. Ciencia Y Enfermeria. 2014;20(2):53-63. [ Links ]

18. Paiva MCMS, Popim RC, Melleiro MM, Tronchim DMR, Lima SAM, Juliani CMCM. The reasons of the nursing staff to notify adverse events. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2014;22(5):747-54. [ Links ]

19. Jahromi ZB, Parandavar N, Rahmanian S. Investigating Factors Associated with not Reporting Medical Errors From the Medical Team'S Point of View in Jahrom, Iran. Global Journal of Health Science. 2014;6(6):96-104. [ Links ]

20. Mendes W, Pavão ALB, Martins M, Moura MLO, Travassos C. The feature of preventable adverse events in hospitals in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2013;59(5):421-8. [ Links ]

21. Paranaguá TTB, Bezerra ALQ, Camargo e Silva AEB, Azevedo Filho FM. Prevalence of no harm incidents and adverse events in a surgical clinic. Acta Paul Enferm. 2013;26(3):256-62. [ Links ]

22. Pancieri AP, Santos BP, Avila MAG, Braga EM. Safe surgery checklist: analysis of the safety and communication of teams from a teaching hospital. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2013;34(1):71-78. [ Links ]

23. Leitão IMTA, Oliveira RM, Leite SS, Sobral MC, Figueiredo SV, Cadete MC. Análise da comunicação de eventos adversos na perspectiva de enfermeiros assistenciais. Rev Rene. 2013;14(6):1073-83. [ Links ]

24. Pires MPO, Pedreira MLG, Peterlini MAS. Safe pediatric surgery: development and validation of preoperative interventions checklist. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2013;21(5):1080-7. [ Links ]

25. Lima RPM, Melleiro MM. Percepção da equipe multidisciplinar acerca de fatores intervenientes na ocorrência de eventos adversos em um hospital universitário. Rev Min Enferm. 2013;17(2):312-21. [ Links ]

26. Bohomol E, Tartali JA. Adverse effects in surgical patients: knowledge of the nursing professionals. Acta Paul Enferm. 2013;26(4):376-81. [ Links ]

27. Dias MAE, Martins M, Navarro N. Adverse outcome screening in hospitalizations of the Brazilian Unifi ed Health System. Rev Saúde Pública. 2012;46(4):719-29. [ Links ]

28. Fassini P, Hahn GV. Riscos à segurança do paciente em unidade de internação hospitalar: concepções da equipe de enfermagem. Rev Enferm UFSM. 2012;2(2):290-9. [ Links ]

29. Ramírez OJG, Gámez AS, Gutiérrez AA, Salamanca JG, Vega AG, Galeano EM. Una mirada actual de la cultura de seguridad del paciente. Av Enferm. 2011;29(2):363-374. [ Links ]

30. Ospina AMO, Velásquez MAV, Rivas DC. Caracterización de eventos adversos en una ESE de primer nivel en Caldas 2007 - 2009. Hacia la Promoción de la Salud. 2011;16(1):87-98. [ Links ]

31. Pavão ALB, Andrade D, Mendes W, Martins M, Travassos C. Estudo de incidência de eventos adversos hospitalares, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: avaliação da qualidade do prontuário do paciente. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2011;14(4):651-61. [ Links ]

32. Roque KE, Melo ECP. Adaptação dos critérios de avaliação de eventos adversos a medicamentos para uso em um hospital público no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2010;13(4):607-19. [ Links ]

33. Françolin L, Gabriel CS, Melo MRAC, Correa JS. Eventos adversos e ferramentas para melhoria da segurança assistencial de enfermagem. Cuidarte Enfermagem. 2010;4(2):74-9. [ Links ]

34. Gimenes FRE, Mota MLS, Teixeira TCA, Silva AEBC, Opitz SP, Cassiani SHB. Patient safety in drug therapy and the influence of the prescription in dose errors. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2010;18(6):1055-61. [ Links ]

35. Bezerra ALQ, Silva AEBC, Branquinho NCSS, Paranaguá TTB. Análise de queixas técnicas e eventos adversos notificados em um hospital sentinela. Rev Enferm UERJ. 2009;17(4):467-72. [ Links ]

36. Balbino CM, Caramez LFC, Barbosa MS, Cavalcanti PCS, Silvino ZR, Teixeira ER, et al. Erros de medicação e a segurança do paciente: revisão sistematizada da literatura. Online Braz J Nurs. [Internet]. 2009 [acesso 20 mar 2015];8(3). Disponível em:http://www.objnursing.uff.br/index.php/nursing/article/view/j.1676-4285.2009.2599/569Links ]

37. Beccaria LM, Pereira RAM, Contrin LM, Lobo SMA, Trajano DHL. Nursing care adverse events at an intensive care unit. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2009;21(3):276-82. [ Links ]

38. Nascimento CCP, Toffoletto MC, Gonçalves LA, Freitas WG, Padilha KG. Indicators of healthcare results: analysis of adverse events during hospital stays. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2008;16(4):746-51. [ Links ]

39. Bohomol E, Ramos LH. Erro de medicação: importância da notificação no gerenciamento da segurança do paciente. Rev Bras Enferm. 2007;60(16):32-6. [ Links ]

Received: April 11, 2016; Accepted: August 08, 2016

Creative Commons License Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons