<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0210-1696</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Siglo Cero]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Siglo Cero]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0210-1696</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Salamanca]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0210-16962025000100004</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/scero.32214</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Analyzing context to improve outcomes: research and best practices]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Analizar el contexto para mejorar los resultados: investigación y buenas prácticas]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shogren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karrie A]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Kansas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>EE. UU.</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>31</fpage>
<lpage>42</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0210-16962025000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0210-16962025000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0210-16962025000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Context matters in the lives of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and is acknowledged as an influencing factor in various approaches to understanding and developing systems of supports. However, there is not a shared and common understanding of context, how to operationalize it, and how to leverage contextual analysis to drive change in outcomes for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Researchers have engaged in work to operationally define context, recognize the multidimensionality of context, and define methods (i. e., contextual analysis) to assess contextual factors and drive systemic change. This paper provides an overview of this work, highlighting how a multidimensional understanding of context as multifactorial, multilevel, and interactive can recognize the totality of circumstances that comprise context. Using this understanding can drive contextual analysis and the implementation of a context-based change model to enhance personal outcomes. Ways contextual analysis can advance the adoption of a shared citizenship paradigm to advance personal and systemic outcomes is described.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: El contexto es importante en la vida de las personas con discapacidades intelectuales y del desarrollo y se reconoce como un factor influyente en diversos enfoques para comprender y desarrollar sistemas de apoyo. Sin embargo, no existe una comprensión compartida y común del contexto, cómo hacerlo operativo y cómo aprovechar el análisis contextual para impulsar cambios para las personas con discapacidades intelectuales y del desarrollo. Los investigadores han trabajado para definir operativamente el contexto, reconocer su multidimensionalidad y definir métodos (i. e., análisis contextual) para evaluar los factores contextuales e impulsar el cambio sistémico. Este artículo proporciona una visión general de este trabajo, destacando que una comprensión multidimensional del contexto como multifactorial, multinivel e interactivo puede identificar la totalidad de las circunstancias que lo componen. El uso de esta comprensión puede impulsar el análisis contextual y la implementación de un modelo de trabajo de campo basado en el contexto para mejorar los resultados personales. Se describen las formas en que el análisis contextual puede promover la adopción de un paradigma de ciudadanía compartida para promover resultados personales y sistémicos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Context]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[personal outcomes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[best practices]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Contexto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[resultados personales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[buenas prácticas]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bronfenbrenner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buntinx]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. H. E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The relationship between the WHO-ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disaiblity and Health) and the AAMR 2002 system]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Switzky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greenspan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[What is mental retardation?]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<page-range>6-10</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luckasson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borthwick-Duffy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buntinx]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. H. E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coulter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Craig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. P. M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reeve]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schalock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Snell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spitalnik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spreat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tasse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mental retardation: Definition, classification, and systems of support]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<edition>10th</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[American Association on Mental Retardation]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luckasson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schalock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tassé]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shogren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The intellectual and developmental disability shared citizenship paradigm: its cross-cultural status, implementation and confirmation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Intellectual Disability Research]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>64-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schalock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Introduction to the special issue on disability policy in a time of change]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>215-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schalock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borthwick-Duffy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bradley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buntix]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. H. E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coulter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Craig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. P. M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gomez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lachapelle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luckasson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reeve]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shogren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Snell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spreat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tasse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verdugo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. Á]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wehmeyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yeager]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Intellectual disability: Definition, classification and systems of support]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<edition>11th</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schalock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luckasson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tassé]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Intellectual disability: Definition, diagnosis, classification, and systems of supports]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<edition>12th</edition>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schalock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luckasson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tassé]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shogren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The IDD paradigm of shared citizenship: Its operationalization, application, evaluation, and shaping for the future]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>426-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shogren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luckasson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schalock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The definition of context and its application in the field of intellectual disability]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>109-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shogren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luckasson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schalock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The responsibility to build contexts that enhance human functioning and promote valued outcomes for people with intellectual disability: Strengthening system responsiveness]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>287-300</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shogren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luckasson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schalock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Using a multi-dimensional model to analyze context and enhance personal outcomes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>95-110</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shogren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luckasson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schalock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Leveraging the power of context in disability policy development, implementation, and evaluation: Multiple applications to enhance personal outcomes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Disability Policy Studies]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>230-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shogren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schalock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luckasson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The use of a context-based change model to unfreeze the status quo and drive valued outcomes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>101-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turnbull]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stowe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A model for analyzing disability policy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>223-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>United Nations</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verdugo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. Á]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jenaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calvo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Disability policy implementation from a cross-cultural perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>234-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>World Health Organization</collab>
<source><![CDATA[International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>World Health Organization</collab>
<source><![CDATA[International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Children and youth version]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
