<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0211-5735</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de la Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Asoc. Esp. Neuropsiq.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0211-5735</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0211-57352001000100003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Aspectos clínicos del trastorno por atracón "binge eating disorder"]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Clinical Features of the Binge Eating Disorder]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guisado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital de Zafra  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Badajoz ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Extremadura Facultad de Medicina Departamento de Psiquiatria]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Badajoz ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>77</numero>
<fpage>27</fpage>
<lpage>32</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0211-57352001000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0211-57352001000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0211-57352001000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[El trastorno por atracón es un nuevo trastorno alimentario que consiste en episodios repetidos de atracones de comida sin realizar mecanismos compensatorios para evitar ganar peso, como ocurre en la bulimia nerviosa. Analizamos las características clínicas (conducta alimentaria, psicopatología e imagen corporal), instrumentos de medida y tratamiento para el manejo del trastorno por atracón.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The binge eating disorders (BED) is a new eating disorders that describes the eating disturbance of a large number of individuals who suffer from recurrent binge eating but who do not regularly engage in the compensatory behaviors to avoid weight gain seen inbulimia nervosa. We analyze the clinical features (eating behavior, psychopathology, body image), questionnaires, and treatment for the management of the BED.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Trastorno por atracón]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Atracón]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Trastornos alimentarios]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Imagen corporal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Binge eating disorder]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Binge eating]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Eating disorders]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Body image]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <P align="right"><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2"><B>ORIGINALES Y REVISIONES</B></FONT></P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="4"><b><a name="top"></a>Aspectos cl&iacute;nicos del trastorno por atrac&oacute;n "binge eating disorder"</b></FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="4"><b>Clinical Features of the Binge Eating Disorder</b></FONT></P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2"><b>Juan A. Guisado <sup>1</sup>, Francisco J. Vaz <sup>2</sup></b></FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">1 Servicio de Psiquiatr&iacute;a. Hospital Comarcal de Zafra. Badajoz    <br> 2 Departamento de Psiquiatr&iacute;a. Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Extremadura. Badajoz </FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2"><a href="#back">Direcci&oacute;n para correspondencia</a></FONT></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>&nbsp;</P>     <P>&nbsp;</P> <hr size="1" noshade>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2"><B>RESUMEN</B></FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">El trastorno por atrac&oacute;n es un nuevo trastorno alimentario que consiste en episodios repetidos de atracones de comida sin realizar mecanismos compensatorios para evitar ganar peso, como ocurre en la bulimia nerviosa. Analizamos las  caracter&iacute;sticas cl&iacute;nicas (conducta alimentaria, psicopatolog&iacute;a e imagen corporal), instrumentos de medida y tratamiento para el manejo del trastorno por atrac&oacute;n.</FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2"><B>Palabras clave:</B> Trastorno por atrac&oacute;n. Atrac&oacute;n. Trastornos alimentarios. Imagen corporal.</FONT></P> <hr size="1" noshade>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2"><b>SUMMARY</b> </FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">The binge eating disorders (BED) is a new eating disorders that describes the eating disturbance of a large number of individuals who suffer from recurrent binge eating but who do not regularly engage in the compensatory behaviors to avoid weight gain seen inbulimia nervosa. We analyze the clinical features (eating behavior, psychopathology, body image), questionnaires, and treatment for the management of the BED. </FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2"><B>Key words:</B> Binge eating disorder. Binge eating. Eating disorders. Body image. </FONT></P> <hr size="1" noshade>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="3"><B>Introducci&oacute;n</B></FONT></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">Los atracones de comida y los factores que contribuyen a los mismos han tenido un especial inter&eacute;s en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os ya que aparecen en muchos trastornos alimentarios y en la poblaci&oacute;n general. Son un serio problema en la obesidad (1,2),en la anorexia nerviosa(3) y son fundamentales en el diagn&oacute;stico de la bulimia nerviosa y el trastorno por atrac&oacute;n o <I>binge eating disorder </I>(BED)(4). </FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">La existencia de atracones en pacientes obesos fue identificado por primera vez por Stunkard en 1959 (2) como un patr&oacute;n distintivo de esta poblaci&oacute;n. Describi&oacute; epis&oacute;dicos consumos de grandes cantidades de comida seguidos de sentimientos de culpa, malestar e intentos para hacer dieta, todo ello sin conductas compensatorias (v&oacute;mitos, laxantes, diur&eacute;ticos, ejercicio f&iacute;sico). Previamente, Hamburger en 1951 (5) hab&iacute;a descrito un tipo de hiperfagia en obesos caracterizada por un deseo compulsivo por la comida (caramelos, helados y otros dulces) que eran con frecuencia incontrolables. En 1970, Korhaber (6) defini&oacute; el <I>stuffing syndrome </I>como una entidad en obesos caracterizada por 3 s&iacute;ntomas: hiperfagia, malestar emocional y depresi&oacute;n. </FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">La existencia de atracones en la obesidad se ha relacionado con diferentes aspectos cl&iacute;nicos como pueden ser: grado de adiposidad (7), hallazgos psicopatol&oacute;gicos (8, 9) y poca respuesta al tratamiento (10, 11). </FONT></P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="3"><b>Caracter&iacute;sticas cl&iacute;nicas del trastorno por atrac&oacute;n. </b></FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">El trastorno por atrac&oacute;n o <I>binge eating disorder </I>aparece en un 30% de los pacientes que est&aacute;n en programas para perder peso (12) y en un 2-5% en la poblaci&oacute;n general (13, 14). Es m&aacute;s com&uacute;n en mujeres con sobrepeso que son m&aacute;s j&oacute;venes que las obesas sin BED y mayores que las pacientes con bulimia nerviosa (15-20). Presentan una obesidad importante, fluctuaciones en el peso, grandes dificultades para perder peso y mantener el peso perdido (7, 8). La ingesta de comida es mayor en la alimentaci&oacute;n diaria y en los atracones, fundamentalmente de grasa, dulces y comida r&aacute;pida (a diferencia de la bulimia nerviosa que aumenta el consumo de todo tipo de comida y principalmente ocurre en los atracones) (21). </FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">Las caracter&iacute;sticas de los pacientes con BED son un mayor deterioro en el trabajo y funcionamiento social, exceso de preocupaci&oacute;n por el cuerpo/figura y el peso, psicopatolog&iacute;a general, una importante cantidad de tiempo de la vida adulta haciendo dieta, historia de depresi&oacute;n, abuso de alcohol/drogas, tratamiento por problemas emocionales, historia de obesidad severa (BMI&gt;35), inicio precoz del sobrepeso e inicio temprano para hacer dietas (14). </FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">Respecto a los factores etiol&oacute;gicos, la mayor&iacute;a de los investigadores hablan de la importancia de la restricci&oacute;n diet&eacute;tica como potenciador de los atracones en presencia de desinhibidores espec&iacute;ficos (disforia, ingesta de alcohol, comidas apetitosas para el paciente, violaci&oacute;n de una dieta) (22). Otros autores describen a estos pacientes como impulsivos con poca capacidad para controlarse siendo en este caso los atracones un s&iacute;ntoma de un descontrol de impulsos (23). </FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">Se han descrito unos factores asociados en los pacientes con BED como pueden ser: m&aacute;s experiencias adversas en la infancia, historia de trastornos afectivos en los padres, predisposici&oacute;n a la obesidad con m&aacute;s obesidad en la infancia, repetida exposici&oacute;n a comentarios negativos sobre su figura/peso y comida, personalidad perfeccionista y una autovaloraci&oacute;n negativa que podr&iacute;an influir en su conducta alimentaria (24). </FONT></P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="3"><b>Criterios diagn&oacute;sticos. </b></FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">Actualmente el BED se ha incluido en el ap&eacute;ndice del DSM-IV como una categor&iacute;a que necesita m&aacute;s estudio (4), bas&aacute;ndose fundamentalmente en 2 trabajos multisist&eacute;micos que apoyan la idea de que el trastorno aparece en la poblaci&oacute;n obesa en un 30% y en un 2-5% de la poblaci&oacute;n general (13, 14). Sin embargo, Fairburn y cols. (25) dicen que es un error incluirlo en el DSM-IV por 2 razones: la primera, porque se sabe poco de la conducta de los atracones y otras formas de sobreingesta recurrente para justificar su inclusi&oacute;n y, una segunda, porque la introducci&oacute;n podr&iacute;a originar una confusi&oacute;n diagn&oacute;stica. Este autor recomienda estudiar muestras de pacientes que presenten una sobreingesta importante antes de clasificarlos. </FONT></P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="3"><b>Los criterios del trastorno por atrac&oacute;n son: </b></FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">A. Episodios recurrentes de atracones que se caracterizan por las dos siguientes condiciones:    <BR>  *Comer en un corto periodo de tiempo (dos horas) una cantidad de comida mayor que la que come la mayor&iacute;a de la gente en ese mismo periodo.    <BR> *Sensaci&oacute;n de p&eacute;rdida de control durante los episodios (por ejemplo, no poder parar de  comer o no controlar lo que uno come). </FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">B. Durante los episodios de atracones al menos 3 de los siguientes indicadores de p&eacute;rdida  de control:    <BR> *Comer m&aacute;s r&aacute;pidamente de lo normal.    <BR> *Comer hasta sentirse muy lleno.    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<BR> *Comer grandes cantidades de comida cuando no siente hambre.    <BR> *Comer grandes cantidades de comida todo el d&iacute;a, no planificando la hora de la comida.    <BR> *Comer solo porque est&aacute; a disgusto de c&oacute;mo uno come.    <BR> *Sentirse a disgusto con uno mismo, deprimido, o muy culpable despu&eacute;s de comer.    <BR> </FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">C. Importante malestar por los atracones. </FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">D. Los atracones son al menos de 2 veces por semana y en un periodo de 6 meses. </FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">E. No existen criterios para la bulimia nerviosa. </FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">    <BR>  </FONT></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="3"><b>Psicopatolog&iacute;a</b></FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">Se describe a los pacientes obesos con BED por estar psicopatol&oacute;gicamente entre los pacientes con bulimia nerviosa (por arriba) y los obesos sin BED (por abajo) (26, 27). Presentan altos niveles de disforia y malestar psicol&oacute;gico, as&iacute; como personalidad ananc&aacute;stica (8, 11), m&aacute;s s&iacute;ntomas psiqui&aacute;tricos, m&aacute;s depresi&oacute;n o historia de depresi&oacute;n (17), y mayor tasa de trastorno de p&aacute;nico, bulimia nerviosa, trastorno de la personalidad <I>borderline </I>y por evitaci&oacute;n. No se ha encontrado mayor tasa de abuso de sustancias-trastorno de ansiedad generalizado-fobia simple-fobia social (28) entre BED y no BED, e igual tasa de trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y de trastorno de la personalidad obsesivo-compulsivo. La prevalencia de trastornos del eje I es del 60% en BED y 34% en no BED, para los trastornos de la personalidad (eje II) 35% para los BED y 16% para los no BED. Se ha descrito en los pacientes con BED que tienen m&aacute;s probabilidad de tener un familiar de primer grado con trastorno por uso de sustancias (28). </FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">Respecto a la imagen corporal se habla de una sobreestimaci&oacute;n de la talla que es menos importante que en individuos con anorexia y bulimia nerviosa, ya que su llamativa obesidad imposibilita una distorsi&oacute;n importante. S&iacute; existe insatisfacci&oacute;n con su apariencia por su objetiva obesidad. Tambi&eacute;n se ha descrito una relaci&oacute;n positiva entre los atracones y la insatisfacci&oacute;n corporal en sujetos obesos (17, 9) y una asociaci&oacute;n con la preocupaci&oacute;n por la figura y el peso (14). Los individuos con BED est&aacute;n m&aacute;s insatisfechos con sus cuerpos que los individuos sin BED (17, 14). </FONT></P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="3"><b>Instrumentos de evaluaci&oacute;n</b></FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">Los cuestionarios e instrumentos que se utilizan para manejar la conducta alimentaria de los individuos con BED son: </FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2"><I>-The Questionnaire of Eating and Weight Patteros </I>(13, 14). Se utiliza para clasificar en BED y bulimia nerviosa purgativa/no purgativa.</FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2"> <I>-The Binge Eating Scale </I>(12). Divide a los pacientes seg&uacute;n la existencia de atracones (moderados o severos) o la no existencia de los mismos, bas&aacute;ndose en la puntuaci&oacute;n de la escala.</FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2"> <I>-The Eating Disorder Inventory-2 </I>(29). Mide las caracter&iacute;sticas cl&iacute;nicas de la anorexia y bulimia nerviosa, y la severidad de los atracones en poblaci&oacute;n obesa (19).</FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2"> <I>-The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire </I>(30) que mide restricci&oacute;n, desinhibici&oacute;n y sensaci&oacute;n de hambre cuando el paciente se enfrenta a la comida. </FONT></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2"><I>-The Eating Disorder Examination </I>(31). Valora psicopatolog&iacute;a y comportamientos espec&iacute;ficos de los trastornos alimentarios. Estudia la restricci&oacute;n, sobreingesta, preocupaci&oacute;n por la figuralpeso y comida. </FONT></P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="3"><b>Tratamiento</b></FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">Los individuos con BED pierden m&aacute;s peso que los no BED en el curso de programas conductuales para control del peso (32, 11) pero el abandono y las reca&iacute;das son m&aacute;s frecuentes (10, 11). Los resultados del tratamiento son pobres a largo plazo en los programas conductuales para la p&eacute;rdida de peso (33) y ganan m&aacute;s peso a los 6 meses de seguimiento y es m&aacute;s probable que abandonen el tratamiento (11). A nivel farmacol&oacute;gico, se ha comprobado que la desipramina e imipramina reducen la frecuencia y duraci&oacute;n de los atracones, respectivamente (34) y que la fluoxetina es efectiva en promover la p&eacute;rdida de peso en obesos con BED (9). La psicoterapia es eficaz para establecer un patr&oacute;n regular alimentario (incluyendo autocontrol, exposici&oacute;n a comidas prohibidas, cambio en las creencias err&oacute;neas sobre las comidas y entrenamiento en la prevenci&oacute;n de reca&iacute;das) (35, 36). </FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">Hacemos hincapi&eacute; en la necesidad de protocolizar el tratamiento multidisciplinar en pacientes con obesidad que est&aacute;n en programas para el control del peso, dada la comorbilidad de trastornos alimentarios y patolog&iacute;a psiqui&aacute;trica descrita en los mismos. </FONT></P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="3"><B>Bibliografía</B></FONT></P>     <!-- ref --><P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">(1) Loro, Jr, AD &amp; Orleans CS. "Binge eating in obesity: Preliminary findings and guidelines for behavioral analysis and treatment". <I>Addictive Behaviors, </I>1981, 6, 155-166. </FONT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4614529&pid=S0211-5735200100010000300001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">(2) Stunkard Al "Eating pattems and obesity". <I>Psychiatric Quarterly, </I>1959, 33, 284-292. </FONT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4614530&pid=S0211-5735200100010000300002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">(3) Garfinkel PE, Moldofsky H &amp;  DM."The heterogeneity of anorexia nervosa". <I>Archives of General Psychiatry, </I>1980, 37, 1036-1040. </FONT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4614531&pid=S0211-5735200100010000300003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">(4) American Psychiatrie Association. <I>Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4</I><sup><I>th </I></sup><I>ed.). </I>Washington, DC: Author. 1994. </FONT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4614532&pid=S0211-5735200100010000300004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">(5) Hamburger WH. 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"Binge-eating inereases with increasing adiposity". <I>lnternational Journal of Eating Disorders, </I>1988, 7, 115-119. </FONT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4614535&pid=S0211-5735200100010000300007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">(8) Kolotkin RL. Revis ES, Kirkley BG &amp; Janick L. 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Rafael Lucenqui, 10, 6ºF -06004 -Badajoz     <br> Correo electr&oacute;nico: <a href="jguisadom@medynet.com" target="_blank">jguisadom@medynet.com</a> </FONT></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">Fecha de recepci&oacute;n: 5.06.2000 </FONT></P>     ]]></body>
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