<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0211-5735</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de la Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Asoc. Esp. Neuropsiq.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0211-5735</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0211-57352002000200004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Tratamiento farmacológico de las depresiones resistentes]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Pharmacology treatment of treatment-resistant depression]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gótor Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Servicios de Salud Mental  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Alcobendas Madrid]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>82</numero>
<fpage>43</fpage>
<lpage>55</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0211-57352002000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0211-57352002000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0211-57352002000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[La reciente aparición de nuevos antidepresivos y otros psicofármacos ha ampliado las posibilidades de tratamiento de las depresiones resistentes. Pero cuál es el verdadero significado de depresión resistente al tratamiento. Este artículo realiza una revisión de la definición de éste término yo tros como respuesta al tratamiento, falta de respuesta, remisión, respuesta parcial; así como de las estrategias de tratamiento de potenciación, combinación y las posibles ventajas del cambio de antidepresivo.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The new spectre of antidepressant and other drugs has increased the chances of management of treatment-resistant depression. But what is really the meaning of this term. This article reviews the definitions of treatment-resistant depression, treatment response, nonresponse, remission, partial response; and also the strategies of augmentation and combination and the possible advantages of switching to a different monotherapy.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tratamiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[depresión resistente]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[algoritmo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[treatment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[resistant depression]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[algorithms]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <P align="right"><font face="VERDANA" size="2"><b>ART&Iacute;CULO ORIGINAL</b></font></P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="4"><B><a name="top"></a>Tratamiento farmacol&oacute;gico de las depresiones resistentes </B></font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="4"><B>Pharmacology treatment of treatment-resistant depression</B></font></P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2"><B>Laura G&oacute;tor Mart&iacute;nez</B></font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Servicios de Salud Mental de Alcobendas. Madrid.</font></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2"><a href="#back">Direcci&oacute;n para correspondencia</a></FONT></P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>&nbsp;</P> <hr size="1" noshade>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2"><B>RESUMEN</B></FONT></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">La reciente aparici&oacute;n de nuevos antidepresivos y otros psicof&aacute;rmacos ha ampliado las posibilidades de tratamiento de las depresiones resistentes. Pero cu&aacute;l es el verdadero significado de depresi&oacute;n resistente al tratamiento. Este art&iacute;culo realiza una revisi&oacute;n de la definici&oacute;n de &eacute;ste t&eacute;rmino yo tros como respuesta al tratamiento, falta de respuesta, remisi&oacute;n, respuesta parcial; as&iacute; como de las estrategias de tratamiento de potenciaci&oacute;n, combinaci&oacute;n y las posibles ventajas del cambio de antidepresivo.</font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2"><B>Palabras clave:</B> tratamiento, depresi&oacute;n resistente, algoritmo.</font></P> <hr size="1" noshade>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2"><b>SUMMARY</b></FONT></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">The new spectre of antidepressant and other drugs has increased the chances of management of treatment-resistant depression. But what is really the meaning of this term. This article reviews the definitions of treatment-resistant depression, treatment response, nonresponse, remission, partial response; and also the strategies of augmentation and combination and the possible advantages of switching to a different monotherapy.</B> </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2"><B>Key words:</B> treatment, resistant depression, algorithms.</font></P> <hr size="1" noshade>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="3"><b>Introducci&oacute;n</b></font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">No existe a&uacute;n un consenso entre los distintos autores sobre los criterios necesarios para considerar una depresi&oacute;n como resistente al tratamiento (DRT) (1). Una de las definiciones m&aacute;s estrictas es la de Fink (2), que considera imprescindible la falta de respuesta a la terapia electroconvulsiva (TEC) como criterio de resistencia. En el otro extremo, Feighner (3) considera como resistente a la depresi&oacute;n que no responde a cualquier tipo de tratamiento incluida la TEC. Entre las definiciones m&aacute;s aceptadas se encuentra la de Quitkin (4), que establece como resistente al tratamiento aquel episodio depresivo que no responde a 300 mg de Imipramina u otro antidepresivo tric&iacute;clico (ADT) a dosis equivalentes, o 90 mg de Fenelcina, durante 6 semanas. Otros autores como Sovery proponen una definici&oacute;n operativa como la falta de respuesta a dos intentos adecuados con dos clases diferentes de antidepresivos (5). Instrumentos de evaluaci&oacute;n como la ATHF (The Antidepressant Treatment History Form) eval&uacute;an la correcta dosificaci&oacute;n, duraci&oacute;n y adherencia al tratamiento como requisitos de imprescindible cumplimiento para poder catalogar a una depresi&oacute;n como DRT (6-10). Usando criterios estrictos de DRT, estudios recientes muestran que s&oacute;lo el 50% de los episodios depresivos reciben un tratamiento correcto (6,7). </font></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">La falta de acuerdo en la definici&oacute;n del concepto es, probablemente, la causa de que los datos de incidencia y prevalencia de la DRT oscilen entre m&aacute;rgenes muy amplios. Fava y Davidson (11) realizaron un estudio basado en la literatura existente entre los a&ntilde;os 93 y 95, encontrando tasas de prevalencia que oscilaban entre el 20 y el 40%. Estos autores inclu&iacute;an a respondedores parciales siguiendo la propuesta de Fawcet (12), seg&uacute;n la cual estos pacientes deber&iacute;an iniciar los protocolos de tratamiento de DRT debido al sufrimiento y a la repercusi&oacute;n que la enfermedad ejerce sobre las distintas &aacute;reas de su vida (13,14,15).</font></P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="3"><b>Conceptos afines</b></font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">En el campo de la investigaci&oacute;n, los conceptos de remisi&oacute;n, respuesta, respuesta parcial y falta de respuesta, se basan en las escalas de evaluaci&oacute;n. La m&aacute;s aceptada en los &uacute;ltimos 40 a&ntilde;os ha sido la escala de Hamilton para la depresi&oacute;n (HAM-D) (16). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Aunque podr&iacute;amos suponer que la remisi&oacute;n de un episodio depresivo fuera equivalente a la ausencia de s&iacute;ntomas, en investigaci&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica se considera remisi&oacute;n el hecho de alcanzar un punto de corte de la escala HAM-D de entre 7 y 10 puntos, a pesar de que incluso una puntuaci&oacute;n menor de 7 refleja la existencia de s&iacute;ntomas residuales (17). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Se considera respondedor a aquel cuya puntuaci&oacute;n de la HAM-D desciende en un 50% con respecto al valor de inicio (18,19). El problema surge cuando en depresiones graves con una alta puntuaci&oacute;n de partida, la cifra final sigue siendo lo suficientemente elevada como para volver a ser incluido en el ensayo. Como alternativa a esta contradicci&oacute;n se apuesta por el uso de la escala de Impresi&oacute;n Cl&iacute;nica Global (CGI), aunque con la desventaja de una menor precisi&oacute;n con respecto a la HAM-D(20). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Los no respondedores quedar&iacute;an relegados a aquellos en que no se diera un descenso de al menos un 25% en la HAM-D (21).</font></P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2"><b>Factores que influyen en la resistencia al tratamiento</b></font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">En aquellos casos en los que un episodio depresivo no responde a ninguno de los intentos de tratamiento que con mayor frecuencia son usados en la pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica, nos veremos abocados a la administraci&oacute;n de f&aacute;rmacos cada vez menos estudiados y por tanto menos seguros. Con el fin de evitar estos tratamientos, a menudo innecesarios, es preciso llevar a cabo un estudio exhaustivo de los casos verificando que realmente nos encontremos ante una DRT. </font></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Una causa frecuente de supuesta resistencia es la existencia de patolog&iacute;as som&aacute;ticas subyacentes o de trastornos psiqui&aacute;tricos en comorbilidad (22,23). Son las enfermedades endocrinas y, en concreto, las de los ejes tiroideo y adrenal, las que se asocian con mayor frecuencia. Tambi&eacute;n existe relaci&oacute;n con la demencia, accidentes vasculares cerebrales, trastornos convulsivos, trastornos del sue&ntilde;o y estados postvirales. Igualmente tratamientos conjuntos con betabloqueantes, calcioantagonistas, esteroides y antihipertensivos podr&iacute;an interferir en la respuesta terap&eacute;utica (24). Algunos autores hacen hincapi&eacute; en el estado nutritivo, atribuyendo al d&eacute;ficit de algunas sustancias una influencia importante en la falta de respuesta. Las sustancias implicadas con mayor frecuencia son los folatos, vitaminas B1, B6 y B12, Cu y Zn (25,26,27,28). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Con respecto a la comorbilidad psiqui&aacute;trica como causa de resistencia, cualquier trastorno, incluido el abuso de sustancias, puede interferir en la evoluci&oacute;n del cuadro. Dentro del campo de los trastornos afectivos, algunos autores defienden la importancia de distinguir entre los distintos subtipos para los que establecen equivalencias con f&aacute;rmacos espec&iacute;ficos como tratamiento de primera l&iacute;nea. Este ser&iacute;a el caso, entre otras, de la depresi&oacute;n melanc&oacute;lica y los ADT (29,30,31) y de la depresi&oacute;n at&iacute;pica, donde ser&iacute;an de elecci&oacute;n los Inhibidores de la Monoaminooxidasa (IMAOs) (32,33,34,35) o los Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptaci&oacute;n de la Serotonina (ISRS) (36). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Aunque se acepten arbitrariamente las 4 &oacute; 6 semanas como l&iacute;mite para catalogar a una depresi&oacute;n como resistente, son muchos los casos que mejoran pasado este periodo (37). En realidad, no es inusual que la medicaci&oacute;n sea retirada por supuesta ineficacia incluso antes de que se haya cumplido este plazo de tiempo, lo que influye negativamente en la resoluci&oacute;n de estos casos, no s&oacute;lo porque podr&iacute;an haber respondido de haberse continuado el tratamiento, sino porque ante un episodio depresivo, podemos predecir un peor resultado en relaci&oacute;n directa al n&uacute;mero de tratamientos previos (38). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Existen otros factores a tener en cuenta, como son el uso de dosis subterap&eacute;uticas por parte de los profesionales o el defectuoso cumplimiento de las prescritas por parte de los pacientes. La proporci&oacute;n de pacientes que no utilizan los f&aacute;rmacos como se les prescribi&oacute; puede llegar al 50%. Los efectos adversos de los medicamentos, las m&uacute;ltiples tomas al d&iacute;a, el miedo a la dependencia o la falta de una explicaci&oacute;n correcta del uso del f&aacute;rmaco, son las causas m&aacute;s frecuentes del incumplimiento (39). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Por &uacute;ltimo, factores sociales, familiares y psicol&oacute;gicos, suelen influir en la evoluci&oacute;n del episodio depresivo. El hecho de indagar e intervenir correctamente sobre estos aspectos evitar&iacute;a en muchos casos un innecesario cambio de tratamiento (13). </font></P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2"><b>Estrategias en el abordaje de la DRT</b></font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Sustituci&oacute;n por otro antidepresivo. </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Diversos algoritmos de tratamiento recientes como el TMPA (Texas Medication Algorithm Project) recomiendan el cambio a un antidepresivo de distinta clase tras dos intentos fallidos con antidepresivos de la misma clase (40,41). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">El cambio dentro de la misma familia s&oacute;lo parece ser eficaz en el caso de los ISRS (42). Habitualmente la sustituci&oacute;n directa de un ISRS por otro es bien tolerada, ya que al actuar sobre los mismos receptores no se producen s&iacute;ntomas de discontinuaci&oacute;n (43). </font></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Tampoco se precisa de un periodo de superposici&oacute;n de ambos f&aacute;rmacos al cambiar un ISRS por venlafaxina, ya que ambos inhiben la recaptaci&oacute;n de serotonina. </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Por otra parte, su administraci&oacute;n conjunta podr&iacute;a aumentar el riesgo de efectos cardiovasculares (44) y serotonin&eacute;rgicos (45) secundarios al aumento de los niveles en sangre de venlafaxina por la inhibici&oacute;n del CYP2D6 por parte de los ISRS. </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">El cambio de un ISRS por bupropion se indica a menudo cuando los ISRS producen efectos adversos sexuales y no existe comorbilidad con trastornos de ansiedad. Al actuar por mecanismos distintos, no es conveniente realizar un cambio brusco de uno por otro, recomend&aacute;ndose reducir gradualmente la dosis de ISRS mientras se introduce paulatinamente el bupropion (43). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">El uso conjunto de un ISRS y nefazodona puede dar lugar a efectos adversos como un s&iacute;ndrome serotonin&eacute;rgico, por lo que se recomienda realizar el cambio mediante un periodo de lavado tras la reducci&oacute;n gradual del primero para evitar un s&iacute;ndrome de discontinuaci&oacute;n (43,46,47). A pesar de esta recomendaci&oacute;n, la asociaci&oacute;n de ambos f&aacute;rmacos es una estrategia de tratamiento usada con frecuencia en la DRT. </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">En lo referente a una sustituci&oacute;n de un ISRS por mirtazapina, al tener mecanismos de acci&oacute;n diferentes y no existir constancia de interacciones graves, es recomendable realizar un cambio secuencial de tratamiento (43). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Para sustituir un ISRS por un ADT, se debe comenzar con una dosis baja del ADT, ya que el uso concomitante con un ISRS o inmediatamente despu&eacute;s, aumenta los niveles de ADT por inhibici&oacute;n de su metabolismo. La retirada del ISRS debe ser igualmente gradual para evitar s&iacute;ntomas de discontinuaci&oacute;n (43). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Aunque algunos autores cuestionan la eficacia de los ISRS frente a los ADT (48,49), otros aseguran una respuesta favorable a los ISRS en depresiones resistentes a ADT y TEC (50). Al realizar un cambio de un ADT a un ISRS, hay que tener en cuenta que la suspensi&oacute;n brusca del primero puede dar lugar a la aparici&oacute;n de s&iacute;ntomas de rebote colin&eacute;rgico, por lo que el cambio deber&aacute; producirse con un ajuste gradual de ambos f&aacute;rmacos. </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Tras finalizar un intento fallido con un IMAO, no debe usarse otro antidepresivo hasta que hayan transcurrido 14 d&iacute;as. La misma medida debe tomarse ante el cambio de un IMAO por otro. Para realizar un cambio de cualquier antidepresivo a un IMAO, debe transcurrir un tiempo cinco veces superior a la vida media de dicho f&aacute;rmaco incluyendo sus metabolitos activos (43). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">En cambio, en diversas publicaciones sobre DRT se hace referencia al uso conjunto de IMAOs y ADT (51,52), asociaci&oacute;n para la que recomiendan una actitud de estrecha vigilancia. No existen evidencias de esta asociaci&oacute;n en ensayos controlados (43). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Si se desea realizar cambios entre venlafaxina, bupropion, nefazodona y mirtazapina, se recomienda un periodo de entrecruzamiento, ya que act&uacute;an mediante mecanismos distintos (43). </font></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2"><b>Estrategias de potenciaci&oacute;n</b></font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Las estrategias de potenciaci&oacute;n (administraci&oacute;n de un segundo f&aacute;rmaco que interacciona para amplificar el efecto del primero) y de combinaci&oacute;n (suma de los efectos de dos antidepresivos), parecen estar afianz&aacute;ndose en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os como las preferidas de los profesionales, frente a los algoritmos que recomiendan que ante una DRT se realice en primer lugar un cambio de antidepresivo y en un segundo paso una potenciaci&oacute;n. El motivo principal es que suele considerarse que con un cambio de antidepresivo se estar&iacute;a retirando un f&aacute;rmaco que podr&iacute;a estar aportando cierto beneficio (53). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">En la pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica, parece que estas opciones est&aacute;n siendo las m&aacute;s usadas en respondedores parciales que presentaron pocos efectos secundarios con el antidepresivo. En aquellos en los que los efectos secundarios fueron significativos o la respuesta escasa, ser&iacute;a m&aacute;s adecuado el cambio de antidepresivo(43). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">La respuesta a una estrategia de potenciaci&oacute;n suele darse a las 3 &oacute; 4 semanas. Se considera conveniente mantener el agente potenciador durante 6 a 9 meses despu&eacute;s de que se haya producido la mejor&iacute;a, procediendo tras este tiempo a una retirada gradual (54). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">El agente potenciador m&aacute;s usado es el litio. Existen numerosos ensayos abiertos y de doble ciego que corroboran su eficacia. Thase (55) public&oacute; un estudio con 20 pacientes no respondedores a un ensayo de 12 semanas con imipramina, encontr&oacute; que un 5% de la muestra respond&iacute;a r&aacute;pidamente a la adicci&oacute;n de litio, mientras que un 65% lo hac&iacute;a a las 6 semanas. Se cuestionaba as&iacute; el efecto starter propuesto por Montigny (56), recomend&aacute;ndose continuar el tratamiento por m&aacute;s tiempo del que se ven&iacute;a realizando. Tambi&eacute;n se ha propuesto la eficacia del litio como antidepresivo frente a placebo, observ&aacute;ndose una respuesta dentro de las tres primeras semanas (57). En base a estos resultados se ha criticado a quienes se refieren al efecto del litio como potenciador, proponi&eacute;ndose el t&eacute;rmino de asinergia potenciadora (58). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Algunos autores establecen una acci&oacute;n bif&aacute;sica, recomendando niveles altos para el tratamiento de los trastornos bipolares y bajos (litemias en torno a 0,5) para conseguir un efecto antidepresivo (59). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">La adici&oacute;n de litio se ha mostrado eficaz con cualquier familia de antidepresivos (60,61,62,63). El riesgo de toxicidad y los efectos adversos son los responsables de haber mermado la popularidad de esta estrategia (64). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Anticonvulsivantes como carbamacepina, valproato, lamotrigina y gabapentina se usan tambi&eacute;n como potenciadores, aunque han sido m&aacute;s estudiados en los trastornos bipolares (54,65,66,67). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">El efecto de la triyodotironina (T3)se prefiere sobre el de la tiroxina (T4)por su mayor rapidez de acci&oacute;n (68). Esta opci&oacute;n no suele usarse con frecuencia en la pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica debido a los efectos secundarios como el nerviosismo e insomnio, as&iacute; como a que los estudios publicados est&aacute;n realizados con ADT y no con ISRS (69,70,71). </font></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">El uso de antipsic&oacute;ticos at&iacute;picos como risperidona a dosis de 0,5-2 mg (72) y olanzapina a dosis de 5-20 mg (73,74) han mejorado la respuesta en varios estudios en no respondedores a ISRS. Su efecto sobre la ansiedad e irritabilidad les han hecho populares en el tratamiento de la agitaci&oacute;n e insomnio refractarios (54). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Existen otras medidas que por haber sido empleadas menos frecuentemente, o por riesgo potencial de toxicidad, resultan menos seguras que las anteriores, debiendo aplicarse con mayor precauci&oacute;n y asegurando que el beneficio que aportan sea claramente superior al riesgo que plantean. El tript&oacute;fano se ha utilizado para potenciar el efecto de los IMAOs, pero aumenta en exceso el riesgo de padecer un s&iacute;ndrome serotonin&eacute;rgico (75,76). La S-adenosilmetionina, usada para acelerar la respuesta de los ADT (77), no ha sido estudiada en la DRT (54), e incluso se postula que podr&iacute;a aumentar el riesgo de padecer episodios de man&iacute;a e hipoman&iacute;a (78). El pindolol se ha usado para potenciar los IMAOs e ISRS (79,80,81), la buspirona con los ISRS (82,83,84,85), agentes dopamin&eacute;rgicos como la bromocriptina o el pergolide (86) y psicoestimulantes como el metilfenidato (87) tambi&eacute;n han sido usados como potenciadores. El inositol no ha revelado mayor eficacia que el placebo (88,89), en cuanto a los estr&oacute;genos, existen datos anecd&oacute;ticos en mujeres postmenop&aacute;usicas (54). Un estudio doble ciego con una muestra peque&ntilde;a en el que se us&oacute; dehidroepiandrosterona (DHEA) sugiere su eficacia a dosis de 90 mg, aunque se precisar&iacute;an m&aacute;s estudios para confirmarlo (90). Un estudio en el que se a&ntilde;ad&iacute;a folato a fluoxetina, mostr&oacute; mayor eficacia frente a placebo en mujeres, pero no en hombres (91). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Diversos estudios realizados tanto con prednisona (92) como con dexametasona (93,94,95) en pacientes con hipocortisolemia, as&iacute; como con antiglucocorticoideos (96,97,98,99,) en hipercortisol&eacute;micos revelen resultados prometedores. </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Combinaci&oacute;n de antidepresivoLa opci&oacute;n de a&ntilde;adir un segundo antidepresivo precisa de una espera de entre 4-6 semanas para evaluar la respuesta. Esta estrategia debe mantenerse por un periodo de 6 a 9 meses tras el comienzo de la mejor&iacute;a, momento en el que puede retirarse uno de los f&aacute;rmacos (54). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">La asociaci&oacute;n m&aacute;s comentada en la literatura, de la que constan varios estudios abiertos, es la de bupropion a dosis de 100-150 mg con un ISRS. Esta asociaci&oacute;n puede dar lugar a efectos indeseables como temblor y aparici&oacute;n de ataques de p&aacute;nico (100,101) a la vez que favorece la reducci&oacute;n de los efectos adversos sexuales que producen los ISRS (102,103). Este mismo efecto beneficioso lo encontramos con la asociaci&oacute;n de mirtazapina a los ISRS y ADT (104), opci&oacute;n que por otra parte produce un mayor aumento de peso y sedaci&oacute;n (105); y con la nefazodona (106), aunque en este caso tanto este efecto como su beneficio global no est&aacute; avalado por ensayos cl&iacute;nicos (54,107,108). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">En algunos estudios realizados con una peque&ntilde;a muestra (109,110), se aprecia una respuesta m&aacute;s r&aacute;pida al a&ntilde;adir un ADT a un ISRS(111). Dado el efecto de estos &uacute;ltimos sobre el CYP2D6, estos estudios se realizan con monitorizaci&oacute;n y con dosis bajas de ADT, de entre 25 y 75 mg(54). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Debido al riesgo de efectos adversos, son escasos los ensayos controlados sobre la asociaci&oacute;n de dos ISRS(112,113) o de un ISRS con venlafaxina (114,115). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">La asociaci&oacute;n de la reboxetina a un ISRS, opci&oacute;n elegida con frecuencia en la pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica, se muestra como una estrategia eficaz (116,117) y segura (118) </font></P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="3"><b>Conclusiones</b></font></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Mejorar las tasas globales de efectividad al abordar el tratamiento de los trastornos depresivos sigue siendo un reto. A pesar de la aparici&oacute;n de nuevos f&aacute;rmacos m&aacute;s eficaces y con menos efectos adversos sigue siendo elevado el porcentaje de pacientes que no mejoran lo suficiente. </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">En la pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica no parece aceptable aceptar que la mejor&iacute;a de un episodio depresivo consiste en una reducci&oacute;n de un 50% de la sintomatolog&iacute;a (119). Algoritmos de tratamiento como the Texas Medication Algorithm Project (TMAP) y Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) recomiendan apostar por la remisi&oacute;n total de los s&iacute;ntomas y la recuperaci&oacute;n de un buen nivel de funcionamiento </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">psicosocial (120,121). Por ello consideran que la mejor estrategia terap&eacute;utica es la m&aacute;s agresiva (122). </font></P>     <P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">Los grupos de trabajo encargados de realizar algoritmos de tratamiento fiables y revisar su puesta al d&iacute;a, parecen constituirse como el futuro de una buena pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica asentada sobre la medicina basada en la evidencia (123). </font></P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="3"><B>Bibliografía</B></FONT></P>     <!-- ref --><P><font face="VERDANA" size="2">1. Harold A. Sackeim, Ph. D. : The definition and meaning of treatment-resistant depression. 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<body><![CDATA[<P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2"><a name="back"></a><a href="#top"><img border="0" src="/img/revistas/neuropsiq/n83/seta.gif" width="15" height="17"></a><b>Dirección para correspondencia:</b>    <br> Laura G&oacute;tor Mart&iacute;nez    <br> C/ Riscos de Polanco n1 14 61A. 28035 Madrid.    <br> Correo electr&oacute;nico: <a href="mailto:lauragotor@inicia.es">lauragotor@inicia.es</a></font></P>     <P><FONT FACE="VERDANA" SIZE="2">Fecha de recepci&oacute;n: 3-V-02</font></P>      ]]></body><back>
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