<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0211-5735</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de la Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Asoc. Esp. Neuropsiq.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0211-5735</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0211-57352018000100283</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4321/s0211-57352018000100015</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El litio y otros fármacos para el trastorno maníaco-depresivo y bipolar]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Lithium and other drugs for manic-depressive and bipolar disorder]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moncrieff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joanna]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University College London Division of Psychiatry ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Londres]]></addr-line>
<country>Reino Unido</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>133</numero>
<fpage>283</fpage>
<lpage>299</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0211-57352018000100283&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0211-57352018000100283&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0211-57352018000100283&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: El trastorno maníaco depresivo tal como se entendió en el pasado es una condición muy infrecuente. Sin embargo, la evolución del concepto ha dado lugar al constructo bipolar, que incluye diversas condiciones, de límites difusos, que se pueden encontrar frecuentemente, por lo que los trastornos del llamado &#8220;espectro bipolar&#8221; tienen actualmente una alta incidencia en la clínica de adultos. Los fármacos a los que se atribuyen propiedades para disminuir las alteraciones afectivas del trastorno bipolar se han denominado &#8220;estabilizadores&#8221; o &#8220;reguladores del estado de ánimo&#8221;, aunque no hay pruebas de estas supuestas propiedades &#8220;estabilizadoras&#8221; de las fluctuaciones afectivas. El objeto central de este artículo es revisar las bases científicas de los tratamientos farmacológicos de las condiciones bipolares. Solo el trastorno bipolar tipo I cuenta con un cuerpo de estudios sobre la intervención farmacológica, tanto en situaciones agudas como en las de mantenimiento, para reducir el riesgo de recaídas. No hay pruebas robustas respecto a la superioridad del litio sobre el resto de fármacos sedantes. Tampoco respecto a su especificidad para tratar las manifestaciones del trastorno bipolar tipo I. En las demás condiciones del espectro bipolar, los estudios son más escasos. En este artículo se consideran también las evidencias en las que se basa la creencia actual de que el litio podría tener propiedades antisuicidas, que resultan ser muy endebles. Ante un diagnóstico de trastorno bipolar, se anima al clínico a informar sobre las pruebas reales de la ayuda que pueden prestar los fármacos y de los riesgos que supone su uso, para que la persona diagnosticada pueda tomar decisiones sobre la estrategia a usar ante la posibilidad de nuevas crisis, manteniendo o no un tratamiento farmacológico a largo plazo o implementando otras estrategias.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Manic-depressive disorder, as it was understood in the past, is a rare condition. However, the evolution of the concept has generated the bipolar construct. This concept includes several conditions, of diffuse limits, which can be frequently found. Disorders of the so-called &#8220;bipolar spectrum&#8221; have nowadays a high prevalence in adults. Drugs known as &#8220;mood stabilizers&#8221; are supposed to decrease the affective alterations of bipolar disorder. However, there is no evidence of this supposed stabilizer action on mood swings. The main object of this paper is to look through the scientific bases of pharmacological treatments for bipolar disorder. Only type I bipolar disorder counts on a body of research on pharmacological interventions in acute situations, as well as on maintenance treatments that claim to prevent relapses and recurrences. There is no strong evidence for the superiority of lithium over the rest of sedative drugs, or for its specific action on treating type I bipolar manifestations. In the rest of conditions of the bipolar spectrum, research studies are limited. In addition, in this paper, evidence underlying the current belief about anti-suicidal properties of lithium is considered, resulting to be very weak. Clinicians are encouraged to inform the individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder about the scientific evidence regarding benefits and risks of medication, so that they can make decisions about the strategy to follow in case of a new crisis, maintaining, or not, a pharmacological long-term treatment or implementing other strategies.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[trastorno bipolar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[espectro bipolar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estabilizadores del estado del ánimo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[litio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[suicidio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bipolar disorder]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bipolar spectrum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mood stabilisers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lithium]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[suicide]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
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<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
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<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
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<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effectiveness of lithium in subjects with treatment-resistant depression and suicide risk: results and lessons of an underpowered randomised clinical trial]]></article-title>
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