<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0211-6995</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Nefrología (Madrid)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Nefrología (Madr.)]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0211-6995</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Española de Nefrología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0211-69952016000600503</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.nefro.2016.03.025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Diabetic kidney disease: Is there a non-albuminuric phenotype in type 2 diabetic patients?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Enfermedad renal diabética: ¿hay un fenotipo de no albuminuria en diabéticos tipo 2?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laranjinha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ivo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patrícia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mateus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sofia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguiar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Filipa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patrícia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel Perneta]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rui]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lourenço]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Diogo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luís]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital de Santa Cruz Nephrology Department ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisbon ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital São Francisco Xavier Internal Medicine Department ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisbon ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<fpage>503</fpage>
<lpage>509</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0211-69952016000600503&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0211-69952016000600503&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0211-69952016000600503&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Background: Albuminuria was widely considered as the first clinical sign of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), which is why it has traditionally been used as a screening test for DKD. However, increasing evidence has shown that a significant number of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients have a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) without significant albuminuria, known as non-albuminuric DKD (NA-DKD). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with NA-DKD.  Methods: This was a 1-year retrospective study that included 146 type 2 diabetic patients with GFR &lt; 75 mL/min followed-up in a diabetes outpatient department. Patients were divided into two groups according to their ACR status - NA-DKD and albuminuric DKD (A-DKD).  Results: Of the 146 patients included in the study, 53.4% had A-DKD and 46.6% had NA-DKD. According to the multivariable analysis performed, patients with NA-DKD tended to be older (p = 0.021), female (p = 0.045) and with a lower GFR (p = 0.004) than A-DKD patients. There was no difference between the groups in terms of body mass index, metabolic control of DM, duration of DM diagnosis and prevalence of metabolic syndrome.  Conclusions: The majority of patients with DKD had albuminuria, but a significant proportion had a non-albuminuric phenotype (46.6% in this population). These patients exhibit distinct clinical features that could have screening, therapeutic and prognosis implications.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción: La albuminuria fue ampliamente considerada como el primer signo clínico de la enfermedad renal diabética (DKD), por lo que se ha utilizado tradicionalmente como prueba de detección para DKD. Sin embargo, el aumento de la evidencia ha demostrado que un número importante de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM) tenían disminución de la filtración glomerular (TFG), sin albuminuria significativa (DKD sin albuminuria (NA-DKD). El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y las características demográficas y clínicas de los pacientes con NA-DKD.  Métodos: Este fue un estudio retrospectivo de un año que incluyó a 146 diabéticos tipo 2 con TFG &lt; 75 ml/min seguidos en el departamento de diabetes. Los pacientes fueron divididos en 2 grupos de acuerdo a su estado de ACR NA-DKD y DKD albuminúrica (A-DKD).  Resultados: De los 146 pacientes incluidos en el estudio, 53,4% tienen A-DKD y 46,6% tienen a NA-DKD. En comparación con los pacientes con A-DKD, aquellos con NA-DKD eran más propensos a ser de mayor edad (p = 0,021), a ser mujeres (p = 0,045) y tenían una TFG menor (p = 0,004), datos confirmados en el análisis multivariante. El índice de masa corporal, el control metabólico de la DM, la duración del diagnóstico de DM y la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico no fueron diferentes entre los grupos.  Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes con DKD presentan albuminuria, pero una proporción significativa tiene un fenotipo de no albuminuria (46,6% en esta población). Estos pacientes presentan características clínicas diferentes, lo que podría tener relevancia en la proyección, el pronóstico o implicaciones terapéuticas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Chronic kidney disease]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Type 2 diabetes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Non-albuminuria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Enfermedad renal crónica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Diabetes tipo 2]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sin albuminuria]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for diabetes and chronic kidney disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Kidney Dis]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>49</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Standards of medical care in diabetes]]></article-title>
<collab>American Diabetes Association</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes Care]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>35</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Early glomerular filtration rate loss as a marker of diabetic nephropathy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jerums]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ekinci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maclsaac]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[US Endocrinol]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>40-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The emerging concept of chronic kidney disease without clinical proteinuria in diabetic patients]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Halimi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes Metab]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>291-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Early renal function decline in type 2 diabetes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pavkov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knowler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lemley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mason]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Myers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Clin J Am Soc Nephrol]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>78-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regression of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ficociello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Finkelstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Warram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krolewski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>348</volume>
<page-range>2285-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The course of kidney function in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nielsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smidt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[UM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parving]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetologia]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>1071-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Predictors of the progression of renal insufficiency in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and overt diabetic nephropathy: the Collaborative Stzzudy Group]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Breyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nahman Jr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cooper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Kidney Int]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<page-range>1651-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The risk of developing end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: the RENAAL study]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brenner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zeeuw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D de]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grunfeld]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mcgill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mitch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Kidney Int]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<page-range>1499-507</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Higher levels of urinary albumin excretion within the normal range predict faster decline in glomerular filtration rate in diabetic patients]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Babazono]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nyumura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hayashi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ohta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suzuki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes Care]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>1518-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Normoalbuminuric renal-insufficient diabetic patients]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rigalleau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lasseur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raffaitin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beauvieux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barthe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chauveau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes Care]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>2034-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nonalbuminuric renal insufficiency in type 2 diabetes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacIsaac]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsalamandris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Panagiotopoulos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McNeil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jerums]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes Care]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>195-200</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Development and progression of renal insufficiency with and without albuminuria in adults with type 1 diabetes in the diabetes control and complications trial and the epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molitch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steffes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rutledge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cleary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IH de]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes Care]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>1536-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical and laboratory profile of patients with type 2 diabetes with low glomerular filtration rate and normoalbuminuria]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kramer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leitão]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silveiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gross]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Canani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes Care]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<page-range>1998-2000</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Updating the natural history of diabetic nephropathy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pugliese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Diabetol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>905-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Systematic review on urine albumin testing for early detection of diabetic complications]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Newman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mattock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dawnay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ABS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kerry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGuire]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yaqoob]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Health Technol Assess]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>1-189</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Risk factors for renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study 74]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Retnakaran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cull]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thorne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<collab>UKPDS Study Group</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<page-range>1832-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Renal insufficiency in the absence of albumuria and retinopathy among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kramer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nguyen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[QD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Curhan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hsy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>289</volume>
<page-range>3273-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Glomerular structure in IDDM women with low glomerular filtration rate and normal urinary albumin excretion]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steffes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>581-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Non-proteinuric pathways in loss of renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Porrini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruggenenti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mogensen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barlovic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Praga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruzado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>382-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rate and determinants of association between advanced retinopathy and chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes - the Renal Insufficiency And Cardiovascular Events (RIACE) Italian multicenter study]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Penno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zoppini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orsi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zerbini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trevisan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes Care]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<page-range>2317-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is nonalbuminuric renal insufficiency in type 2 diabetes related to an increase in intrarenal vascular disease?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacIsaac]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Panagiotopoulos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McNeil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsalamandris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes Care]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>1560-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rychlik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fliser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ritz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Non-diabetic renal disease in type 2 DM - nephropathy in type 2 diabetes]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<page-range>7-88</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford, England ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence of albuminuria and renal insufficiency and associated clinical factors in type 2 diabetes: the Japan Diabetes Clinical Data Management study (JDDM15)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yokoyama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oishi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kawai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fukumoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kobayashi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nephrol Dial Transplant]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>1212-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Risk factors for the development of albuminuria and renal impairment in type 2 diabetes - the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Afghahi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cederholm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eliasson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zethelius]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gudbjörnsdottir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hadimeri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nephrol Dial Transplant]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>1236-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Non-Diabetic Renal Disease (NDRD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prakash]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[JAPI]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>61</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nondiabetic renal disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a clinicopathological study]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilfred]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mysorekar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Venkataramana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eshwarappa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Subramanyan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Lab Physicians]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>94-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diabetic patients and in the general population (National Evaluation of the Frequency of Renal Impairment coexisting with NIDDM [NEFRON] 11)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacIsaac]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jerums]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weekes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shaw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes Care]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>1497-502</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Absence of albuminuria in type 2 diabetics with classical diabetic nephropathy: clinical pathological study]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Budhiraja]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thajudeen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Popovtzer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Biomed Sci Eng]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>20-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nonproteinuric diabetes-associated nephropathy in the Cohen rat modelo type 2 diabetes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yagil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ben-Dor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosenmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernhiem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<page-range>1487-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Renal structure in normoalbuminuric and albuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes and impaired renal function]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ekinci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jerums]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Skene]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crammer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Power]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes Care]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>3620-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Low glomerular filtration rate in normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients: an indicator of more advanced glomerular lesions]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caramori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fioretto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<page-range>1036-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Microalbuminuria and the risk for early progressive renal function decline in type 1 diabetes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ficociello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ostrander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weinberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Warram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Am Soc Nephrol]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>1353-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Proteinuria, a target for renoprotection in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: lessons from RENAAL]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zeeuw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Remuzzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parving]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shahinfar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Kidney Int]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<page-range>2309-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is glomerulosclerosis a consequence of altered glomerular permeability to macromolecules?]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Remuzzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bertani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Kidney Int]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>384-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Albuminuria, poor glycemic control predict mortality in NIDDM]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borch-Johnsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hougaard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nielsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parving]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diabetes]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>1303-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical significance of nonalbuminuric renal impairment in type 2 diabetes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Penno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fondelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orsi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zerbini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Hypertens]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>1802-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
