<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0212-1611</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Nutrición Hospitalaria]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Nutr. Hosp.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0212-1611</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Grupo Arán]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0212-16112006000300007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Factores que inciden sobre el tiempo de permanencia de un catéter endovenoso central]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Factors that affect the dwell time of a central venous catheter]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bello-Villalobos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mora-Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ojeda-Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Ávila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI Hospital de Oncología Departamento de Medicina Interna]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[México D. F. ]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>332</fpage>
<lpage>337</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0212-16112006000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0212-16112006000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0212-16112006000300007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Objetivo: Determinar los factores que inciden en el tiempo de permanencia de un catéter endovenoso central. Antecedentes: En el paciente con cáncer existen factores propios del estado de inmunocompromiso por el tumor y los efectos colaterales de su tratamiento que aumentan la probabilidad de infección y consecuentemente reducen el tiempo de uso de un catéter. Sujetos: Se integró una cohorte de 306 pacientes con cáncer, con una edad promedio de 59 &plusmn; 14,5 años. Intervenciones: Se definió tiempo cero como el día de colocación del catéter. Diariamente se buscaron signos clínicos de infección por catéter, con toma de hemocultivos simultáneos cada 7 días. El desenlace primario fue infección del catéter y el alternativo fin de tratamiento, obstrucción o fallecimiento del paciente. Se comparó el tiempo de permanencia del catéter infectado vs no infectado y su relación con factores de riesgo potenciales. Resultados: Se colocaron 306 catéteres para un total de 4.043 días/catéter. Se infectaron 25 (8,2%). La sobrevida media global fue de 50 días. Se encontró que a mayor tiempo de permanencia, mayor fue la incidencia de infección. En el análisis de sobrevida ajustado, la presencia de infección a distancia (OR = 4,71, IC95% = 1,7-10,1, p = 0,002) fue el factor que mostró una asociación significativa. Conclusiones: El tiempo de vida útil de un catéter es amplia, limitada por la presencia de infección a distancia como factor de riesgo potencial de infección por catéter.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Objective: To determine the factors that affect the dwell time of a central venous catheter. Background: The own immunodeficiency in cancer patient and the collateral effects of their treatment increase the probability of infection and reduce the time of use of a catheter. Subjects: Incipient cohort of 306 patients with cancer, with an average age of 59 &plusmn; 14.5 years. Interventions: Time zero like the day of the placement of the catheter was defined. Daily clinical signs of infection by catheter looked for, with taking of simultaneous blood cultures every 7 days. The primary outcome was infection of the catheter and the alternative aim of treatment, obstruction or death of the patient. One compared the dwell time with the infected catheter versus noninfected and its relation with potential risk factors. Results: 306 catheters were placed for a total of 4,043 to days/catheter, became infected 25 (8.2%). The global average survival was of 50 days. One was that to greater dwell time, greater it was the infection incidence. In the fit analysis of survival, the presence of remote infection (OR= 4.71, IC 95% = 1.7-10.1, p = 0.002) was the factor that showed a significant association. Conclusions: The time of life utility of a catheter is ample, limited by the presence of remote infection like factor of potential risk of infection by catheter.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sepsis por catéter]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sobrevida]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Factores de riesgo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Catheter-related sepsis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Survival]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Risk factors]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="right"><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>ORIGINAL</b></font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><a name="top"></a></font><b><font face="Verdana" size="4">Factores que inciden sobre el tiempo de permanencia de un cat&eacute;ter endovenoso central</font></b></p>     <p><b><font face="Verdana" size="4">Factors that affect the dwell time of a central venous catheter</font></b></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>H. Bello-Villalobos, S. Mora-D&iacute;az, L. Ojeda-Reyes y G. Gonz&aacute;lez-&Aacute;vila G</b></font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Oncolog&iacute;a, Centro M&eacute;dico Nacional Siglo XXI. M&eacute;xico D. F. M&eacute;xico.</font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="#back">Dirección para correspondencia</a></font></p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p> <hr size="1">     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>RESUMEN</b></font></p>    <p><b><font face="Verdana" size="2">Objetivo: </font> </b> <font face="Verdana" size="2"> Determinar los factores que inciden en el tiempo de permanencia de un cat&eacute;ter endovenoso central.   <b>    <br>   Antecedentes:</b> En el paciente con c&aacute;ncer existen factores propios del estado de inmunocompromiso por el tumor y los efectos colaterales de su tratamiento que aumentan la probabilidad de infecci&oacute;n y consecuentemente reducen el tiempo de uso de un cat&eacute;ter.    <br>   <b>Sujetos:</b> Se integr&oacute; una cohorte de 306 pacientes con c&aacute;ncer, con una edad promedio de 59 &plusmn; 14,5 a&ntilde;os.    <br>   <b>Intervenciones: </b> Se defini&oacute; tiempo cero como el d&iacute;a de colocaci&oacute;n del cat&eacute;ter. Diariamente se buscaron signos cl&iacute;nicos de infecci&oacute;n por cat&eacute;ter, con toma de hemocultivos simult&aacute;neos cada 7 d&iacute;as. El desenlace primario fue infecci&oacute;n del cat&eacute;ter y el alternativo fin de   tratamiento, obstrucci&oacute;n o fallecimiento del paciente. Se compar&oacute; el tiempo de permanencia del cat&eacute;ter infectado vs no infectado y su relaci&oacute;n con factores de riesgo potenciales.    <br>   <b>Resultados: </b> Se colocaron 306 cat&eacute;teres para un total de 4.043 d&iacute;as/cat&eacute;ter. Se infectaron 25 (8,2%). La sobrevida media global fue de 50 d&iacute;as. Se encontr&oacute; que a mayor tiempo de permanencia, mayor fue la incidencia de infecci&oacute;n. En el an&aacute;lisis de sobrevida ajustado, la presencia de infecci&oacute;n a distancia (OR = 4,71, IC95% = 1,7-10,1, p = 0,002) fue el factor que mostr&oacute; una asociaci&oacute;n significativa.    <br>   <b>Conclusiones: </b> El tiempo de vida &uacute;til de un cat&eacute;ter es amplia, limitada por la presencia de infecci&oacute;n a distancia como factor de riesgo potencial de infecci&oacute;n por cat&eacute;ter.</font></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">   <b>Palabras clave:</b> Sepsis por cat&eacute;ter. Sobrevida. Factores de riesgo.</font></p> <hr size="1">     <p> <b><font face="Verdana" size="2">ABSTRACT</font></b></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p> <font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Objective: </b> To determine the factors that affect the dwell time of a central venous catheter.    <br> <b>Background: </b> The own immunodeficiency in cancer patient and the collateral effects of their treatment increase the probability of infection and reduce the time of use of a catheter.    <br> <b>Subjects: </b> Incipient cohort of 306 patients with cancer, with an average age of 59 &plusmn; 14.5 years.    <br> <b>Interventions: </b> Time zero like the day of the placement of the catheter was defined. Daily clinical signs of infection by catheter looked for, with taking of simultaneous blood cultures every 7 days. The primary outcome was infection of the catheter and the alternative aim of treatment, obstruction or death of the patient. One compared the dwell time with the infected catheter versus noninfected and its relation with potential risk factors.    <br> <b>Results: </b> 306 catheters were placed for a total of 4,043 to days/catheter, became infected 25 (8.2%). The global average survival was of 50 days. One was that to greater dwell time, greater it was the infection incidence. In the fit analysis of survival, the presence of remote infection (OR= 4.71, IC 95% = 1.7-10.1, p = 0.002) was the factor that showed a significant association.<b>    <br> Conclusions: </b> The time of life utility of a catheter is ample, limited by the presence of remote infection like factor of potential risk of infection by catheter.</font></p>    <p> <font face="Verdana" size="2"> <b>Key words:</b> Catheter-related sepsis. Survival. Risk factors.</font></p> <hr size="1">     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b><font face="Verdana" size="3">Introducci&oacute;n</font></b></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">El empleo de un cat&eacute;ter intravascular central es una pr&aacute;ctica frecuente en el cuidado y tratamiento del enfermo hospitalizado, sin embargo, su uso predispone a complicaciones tanto mec&aacute;nicas como infecciosas. De ellas, la infecci&oacute;n relacionada al cat&eacute;ter es la m&aacute;s com&uacute;n y se presenta con una frecuencia que var&iacute;a entre   2 y 14%, en el Hospital de Oncolog&iacute;a se ha identificado del 6 al 8%<sup>1</sup>.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Existen diferentes factores de riesgo relacionados al paciente que predisponen al desarrollo de infecci&oacute;n, entre los que se encuentran la edad, alteraci&oacute;n en el sistema inmunol&oacute;gico, gravedad de la enfermedad subyacente, infecciones concomitantes y enfermedades com&oacute;rbidas acompa&ntilde;antes.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Los sujetos mayores de 65 a&ntilde;os se complican m&aacute;s que los de menor edad, siendo la incidencia reportada de 33% <i> vs</i> 18,5%, adem&aacute;s de que se incrementa la mortalidad hospitalaria.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">La desnutrici&oacute;n es un acompa&ntilde;ante cl&iacute;nico com&uacute;n en los sujetos que tienen c&aacute;ncer. Aproximadamente el   50% de los pacientes tienen alg&uacute;n grado de p&eacute;rdida de peso al momento de hacer el diagn&oacute;stico, por ello es importante determinar el estado nutricional desde el   primer contacto que se tenga con ellos. La neoplasia y el grado de desnutrici&oacute;n del enfermo deterioran la respuesta inmunol&oacute;gica del sujeto haci&eacute;ndolo m&aacute;s susceptible   de infecciones. Una medida simple para determinar el estado inmunol&oacute;gico es la cuenta total de linfocitos.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Estos factores usualmente no pueden ser cambiados,   pero deben ser considerados cuando se planea el protocolo de mantenimiento del cat&eacute;ter.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Debido a que el acceso venoso en este tipo de pacientes es importante para su tratamiento, es deseable conocer cuales son los factores de riesgo que pueden incrementar la probabilidad de presentar infecci&oacute;n relacionada a cat&eacute;ter, lo cual permitir&iacute;a definir un tiempo de uso y establecer medidas preventivas.</font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b><font face="Verdana" size="3">Material y m&eacute;todo</font></b></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">Se integr&oacute; una cohorte protectiva de 306 pacientes con diagn&oacute;stico de c&aacute;ncer durante el periodo de enero de 1999 a diciembre de 2004, que recibieron tratamiento   antineopl&aacute;sico y a los que se les proporcion&oacute; nutrici&oacute;n parenteral total   adyuvante.</font></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">Todos los cat&eacute;teres endovenosos fueron colocados por el Departamento de Nutrici&oacute;n, utilizando la t&eacute;cnica de Seldinger. El cuidado qued&oacute; a cargo de las enfermeras especialistas del mismo departamento. El sitio de inserci&oacute;n fue preparado con una soluci&oacute;n de yodopovidona al 100% y fue cubierto por campos est&eacute;riles.   Se emplearon cat&eacute;teres de poliuretano, doble lumen y 7 Fr de di&aacute;metro. El sitio de inserci&oacute;n se cubri&oacute; con un ap&oacute;sito adhesivo de pl&aacute;stico transparente (<i>Tegaderm   <sup>3m</sup></i>) y la conexi&oacute;n del cat&eacute;ter a la l&iacute;nea de infusi&oacute;n mediante un ap&oacute;sito est&eacute;ril. Todos los d&iacute;as se visit&oacute; a los pacientes para interrogatorio y examen cl&iacute;nico. Se realiz&oacute; curaci&oacute;n y cambio de ap&oacute;sito del cat&eacute;ter cada 4d&iacute;as por el equipo de enfermer&iacute;a y se tomaron hemocultivos simult&aacute;neos cada 7 d&iacute;as.</font></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">Se consider&oacute; tiempo cero al d&iacute;a en que se coloc&oacute; el cat&eacute;ter. El retiro del cat&eacute;ter se realiz&oacute; por conclusi&oacute;n del tratamiento nutricional o presencia de infecci&oacute;n relacionada a cat&eacute;ter. El tiempo de estancia del cat&eacute;ter libre de infecci&oacute;n fue considerado como el periodo de tiempo sin infecci&oacute;n contado desde su instalaci&oacute;n hasta la aparici&oacute;n de infecci&oacute;n o su retiro por fin de tratamiento.</font></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">Se defini&oacute; infecci&oacute;n relacionada a cat&eacute;ter a la presencia de un cultivo de la punta del cat&eacute;ter positivo con o sin signos cl&iacute;nicos de infecci&oacute;n.</font></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">Se evalu&oacute; la presencia de infecci&oacute;n a distancia considerado como un proceso infeccioso lejano al sitio de inserci&oacute;n del cat&eacute;ter, identificado cl&iacute;nicamente y mediante el cultivo   respectivo.</font></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">Adicionalmente se consideraron otros factores de riesgo como edad, sexo, estado nutricional y comorbilidad. El estado nutricional fue determinado a trav&eacute;s del c&aacute;lculo del &Iacute;ndice de Riesgo Nutricional (IRN).</font></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">Para el an&aacute;lisis estad&iacute;stico se realiz&oacute; una descripci&oacute;n de datos. Se calcularon riesgos relativos con intervalos de confianza al 95% entre los factores de riesgo potenciales y la presencia de infecci&oacute;n por cat&eacute;ter. La comparaci&oacute;n de variables, entre cat&eacute;teres infectados y no infectados, se realiz&oacute; mediante   x<sup>2</sup> o prueba exacta de Fisher para las variables cualitativas y t de Student independiente para las cuantitativas. Posteriormente mediante an&aacute;lisis de regresi&oacute;n log&iacute;stica se determin&oacute; la asociaci&oacute;n de factores de riesgo y se realiz&oacute; un an&aacute;lisis de sobrevida de acuerdo al modelo de riesgos proporcionales de   Cox.</font></p>    <p>&nbsp;</p>    <p><b><font face="Verdana" size="3">Resultados</font></b></p>    <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Se estudiaron 306 sujetos, sus caracter&iacute;sticas cl&iacute;nicas se presentan en la <a href="#t1"> tabla   I</a>.</font></p>    <p align="center"><a name="t1"><img src="/img/revistas/nh/v21n3/original6_1.gif" width="376" height="471">  </a></p>    <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">    <br> Fueron colocados 306 cat&eacute;teres para un total de 4.043 d&iacute;as/cat&eacute;ter. Se infectaron 25 para una incidencia de 8,2%. Los g&eacute;rmenes causales m&aacute;s frecuentes fueron Estafilococo en 10 casos, enterobacterias en ocho y Candida en siete.</font></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Verdana" size="2">El promedio de estancia de un cat&eacute;ter libre de infecci&oacute;n fue de 12,7 &plusmn; 9,6 d&iacute;as en comparaci&oacute;n con 19 &plusmn; 11,3 d&iacute;as en aquellos que se infectaron (p = 0,002). Los cat&eacute;teres que se infectaron contaron para un total de 331 d&iacute;as/cat&eacute;ter (R = 7-49 d&iacute;as) y los que no se infectaron contribuyeron con 3.712 d&iacute;as/cat&eacute;ter (R = 2-70 d&iacute;as).</font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">De los factores de riesgo evaluados, &uacute;nicamente la presencia de infecci&oacute;n a distancia mostr&oacute; asociaci&oacute;n significativa (RR 10,5 p &lt; 0,0001, IC 4,2-26,5). El riesgo nutricional, cuenta de linfocitos, presencia y tipo de comorbilidad no mostraron relaci&oacute;n alguna (<a href="/img/revistas/nh/v21n3/original6_3.gif" target="_blank">tabla II</a>).</font> <font face="Verdana" size="2">Entre los 73 casos (23,9%) en quienes se identific&oacute; infecci&oacute;n a distancia, la m&aacute;s frecuente fue sepsis abdominal en 47 casos (64,38%), seguido por la infecci&oacute;n   de herida quir&uacute;rgica en 11 (15%). Los g&eacute;rmenes aislados fueron enterobacterias (34,2%), estafilococos (28,7%) y Candida (8,25%).</font></p>    <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">En el an&aacute;lisis de sobrevida se encontr&oacute; que el tiempo promedio global de vida &uacute;til de un cat&eacute;ter fue de 50 d&iacute;as (<a href="#f1">fig. 1</a>). Se encontr&oacute; que a mayor tiempo de permanencia de un cat&eacute;ter, mayor el riesgo de infecci&oacute;n. Despu&eacute;s de una an&aacute;lisis ajustado mediante el modelo de regresi&oacute;n de Cox, la presencia de infecci&oacute;n a distancia (<a href="/img/revistas/nh/v21n3/original6_4.gif" target="_blank">fig. 2</a>) mantuvo una asociaci&oacute;n   significativa (OR = 4,71; IC 95% = 1,7-10,1; p = 0,002).</font></p>    <p align="center">   &nbsp;<font face="Verdana" size="2"><a name="f1"><img src="/img/revistas/nh/v21n3/original6_2.gif" width="376" height="338">  </a>  </font></p>    <p> </p>    <p>   <b><font face="Verdana" size="3">Discusi&oacute;n</font></b></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">La infecci&oacute;n de cat&eacute;ter sigue siendo la infecci&oacute;n m&aacute;s frecuente relacionada a la administraci&oacute;n de NPT, a pesar de que se tengan diferentes medidas preventivas.</font></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">El cat&eacute;ter se puede infectar durante su inserci&oacute;n o posteriormente durante su permanencia. La infecci&oacute;n relacionada a cat&eacute;ter es potencialmente eludible, por   ello es indispensable emplear una t&eacute;cnica as&eacute;ptica estricta durante su instalaci&oacute;n, con lo que la tasa de infecci&oacute;n posterior a su inserci&oacute;n deber&iacute;a ser   cero<sup>1-4,</sup>.</font></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">Se describen diferentes factores de riesgo que se han dividido en los relacionados al hospital y los relacionados al paciente. Entre los primeros se incluyen el tipo   de cat&eacute;ter, material y l&uacute;menes del mismo, sitio de inserci&oacute;n, tipo de colocaci&oacute;n, duraci&oacute;n en el sitio y alteraci&oacute;n en la microflora de la piel. Es dif&iacute;cil cuantificar   muchos de estos<sup>5-9</sup>.</font></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">No existe un tiempo de vida &uacute;til definido de un cat&eacute;ter endovenoso central, que va a depender del prop&oacute;sito de uso y de los cuidados que se proporcionen. La t&eacute;cnica de cuidado estandarizada y protocolizada es altamente efectiva en la prevenci&oacute;n de esta complicaci&oacute;n<sup>10-13</sup>. Es evidente que a mayor tiempo de duraci&oacute;n en el sitio de colocaci&oacute;n existe una mayor probabilidad de infectarse, como se demostr&oacute; en este estudio, ya que los cat&eacute;teres que permanecieron menos d&iacute;as tuvieron una menor incidencia de infecci&oacute;n en comparaci&oacute;n con aquellos que permanecieron mayor tiempo (12   <i> vs</i> 19 d&iacute;as).</font></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">Entre los factores relacionados al paciente, se encuentran la edad, alteraci&oacute;n en el sistema inmunol&oacute;gico (dermatitis, psoriasis, quemaduras, inmunodeficiencia adquirida, c&aacute;ncer, etc.), gravedad de la enfermedad subyacente, infecciones concomitantes y enfermedades com&oacute;rbidas acompa&ntilde;antes (diabetes mellitus, hipertensi&oacute;n arterial sist&eacute;mica,   etc.)<sup>14-16</sup>.</font></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">Aproximadamente el 50% de los pacientes con c&aacute;ncer tienen alg&uacute;n grado de p&eacute;rdida de peso al momento de hacer el diagn&oacute;stico y el 16% tendr&aacute; una p&eacute;rdida   mayor al 10%. Es importante determinar el grado de desnutrici&oacute;n para poder administrar tratamiento nutricional adyuvante y disminuir la morbilidad y la mortalidad,   esto se puede establecer mediante la determinaci&oacute;n de alb&uacute;mina s&eacute;rica y la p&eacute;rdida de peso en los &uacute;ltimos seis meses, con lo que se calcula el &Iacute;ndice de Riesgo Nutricional (IRN), que si es menor de 83,9,nos se&ntilde;ala que el paciente es candidato para recibir apoyo nutricional parenteral total al mismo tiempo que reciba su tratamiento antineopl&aacute;sico<sup>16-19</sup>.</font></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">La neoplasia por s&iacute; misma y el grado de desnutrici&oacute;n del enfermo deterioran la respuesta inmunol&oacute;gica del sujeto, haci&eacute;ndolo m&aacute;s susceptible a   infecciones<sup>18-22</sup>.</font></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">Los sujetos mayores de 65 a&ntilde;os se complican m&aacute;s que los de menor edad, la frecuencia reportada de complicaciones es de 33% versus 18,5% respectivamente, adem&aacute;s de que se incrementa la incidencia de muerte   hospitalaria<sup>20-24</sup>.</font></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">Nuestro estudio fue realizado con el mismo protocolo de inserci&oacute;n y cuidados del cat&eacute;ter, dando importancia a los factores relacionados al paciente que pudieran influir en la vida media del mismo, mostrando que la   colocaci&oacute;n, cuidado, manejo y retiro protocolizado redunda en una vida media global de 50 d&iacute;as; tiempo de uso libre de infecci&oacute;n suficientemente &uacute;til para el tipo   de pacientes que se atienden en este centro.</font></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">Se pudo observar que la edad no es un factor de riesgo que predisponga al desarrollo de infecci&oacute;n de cat&eacute;ter y aunque un gran porcentaje de pacientes presentaban desnutrici&oacute;n grave demostrada con la medici&oacute;n del &iacute;ndice de riesgo nutricional (IRN) el riesgo relativo no fue significativo.</font></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">   La presencia concomitante de enfermedades cr&oacute;nicas, diferentes al c&aacute;ncer, es heterog&eacute;nea y variable en cada sujeto, siendo las m&aacute;s frecuentes hipertensi&oacute;n   arterial sist&eacute;mica, insuficiencia card&iacute;aca, diabetes mellitus y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&oacute;nica y que pueden ocasionar alteraciones en el sistema inmunol&oacute;gico,   por ello es importante valorar si pueden predisponer al desarrollo de infecci&oacute;n de cat&eacute;ter<sup>25-29</sup>.</font></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">   Entre las enfermedades com&oacute;rbidas m&aacute;s importantes de nuestros pacientes se encuentran la diabetes mellitus y la hipertensi&oacute;n arterial y a pesar de que la primera ocasiona alteraciones inmunol&oacute;gicas, no fue un factor que predisponga al desarrollo de infecci&oacute;n de cat&eacute;ter<sup>27,29-33.</sup></font></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">   Para nuestro caso, los factores identificados como predisponentes fueron los focos infecciosos a distancia,   que mostraron asociaci&oacute;n significativa y que se puede explicar por migraci&oacute;n hemat&oacute;gena,3<sup>4,35,-40</sup> con infecci&oacute;n secundaria del cat&eacute;ter, como se demuestra por el predominio de enterobacterias en ambos focos infecciosos a distancia, hip&oacute;tesis que habr&aacute; de probarse en un siguiente   estudio.</font></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">   Por otra parte encontramos que los cat&eacute;teres que se infectan son los que tienen una permanencia m&aacute;s larga, como se observa en la curva de sobrevida, lo cual corrobora que el tiempo de estancia prolongado de un cat&eacute;ter predispone al desarrollo de infecci&oacute;n del mismo, ya sea por que los pacientes al requerirlo durante m&aacute;s tiempo se encuentran con mayor n&uacute;mero de complicaciones, como sepsis, dehiscencia de herida, etc&eacute;tera, o por la manipulaci&oacute;n a la que se ve expuesto.</font></p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>   &nbsp;</p>    <p>   <b><font face="Verdana" size="3">Conclusiones</font></b></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">El tiempo de vida de un cat&eacute;ter es largo y se ve afectado por las infecciones distantes, lo que pudimos confirmar, ya que a mayor tiempo de estancia, aumenta el   riesgo de desarrollar infecci&oacute;n.</font></p>    <p>   &nbsp;</p>    <p>   <b><font face="Verdana" size="3">Agradecimientos</font></b></p>    <p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">Este trabajo fue realizado como parte del programa de maestr&iacute;a en investigaci&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica de la Universidad Aut&oacute;noma del Estado de M&eacute;xico.</font></p>    <p>   &nbsp;</p>    <p>   <b><font face="Verdana" size="3">Referencias</font></b></p>    <!-- ref --><p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">1. Cobb DK, High KP, Sawyer RG, Sable CA, Adams RB, Lindley DA y cols.: A controlled trial of scheduled replacement of central venous and pulmonary-artery catheters. N Engl J Med       1992; 325:1062-68.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=3495151&pid=S0212-1611200600030000700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">2. Gonz&aacute;lez AG, Fajardo RA: Sepsis relacionada con el uso del cat&eacute;ter intravenoso: un abordaje diagn&oacute;stico y terap&eacute;utico. Rev Med IMSS 1996; 34:477-80.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=3495152&pid=S0212-1611200600030000700002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>   <font face="Verdana" size="2">3. 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<body><![CDATA[<p>       <font face="Verdana" size="2"><b><a name="back"></a><a href="#top"><img border="0" src="/img/revistas/nh/v21n3/seta.gif" width="15" height="17"></a>Correspondencia:    <br>       </b>H. Bello-Villalobos    <br>   Av. Cuauht&eacute;moc 330, Col. Doctores,    <br>   M&eacute;xico D. F. CP 06720    <br>   E-mail: <a href="mailto:alvadea@prodigy.net.mx">alvadea@prodigy.net.mx</a></font></p>     <p>       <font face="Verdana" size="2">Recibido: 20-VII-2005.    <br> Aceptado: 10-XI-2005.</font></p>      ]]></body><back>
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