<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0212-1611</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Nutrición Hospitalaria]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Nutr. Hosp.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0212-1611</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Grupo Arán]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0212-16112021000600027</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20960/nh.03707</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Controversia actual sobre el papel crítico de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga, araquidónico (ARA) y docosahexaenoico (DHA), en el lactante]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Controversy about the critical role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), during infancy]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campoy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cristina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3 "/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Af4"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chisaguano Tonato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aida Maribel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garza Puentes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea de la]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sáenz de Pipaón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aa "/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Af7"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verduci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elvira]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8b"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koletzko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Berthold]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González Casanova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Inés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larqué]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elvira]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valenzuela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodrigo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A15"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno Villares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ángel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7 "/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Af1"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Granada Facultad de Medicina Departamento de Pediatría]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Granada ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Granada Centro de Excelencia de Investigación Pediátrica EURÍSTIKOS ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Granada ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (Ibs-Granada) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Granada ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Asociación Española de Pediatría Comité de Nutrición ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad San Francisco de Quito Escuela de Salud Pública ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Barcelona Facultad de Farmacia y Ciencias de la Alimentación Departamento de Nutrición, Ciencias de la Alimentación y Gastronomía]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A7a">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Universitario La Paz Servicio de Neonatología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A7b">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Departamento de Pediatría ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A8a">
<institution><![CDATA[,Ospedale dei Bambini Vittore Buzzi Dipartimento di Pediatria ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Milán ]]></addr-line>
<country>Italia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A8b">
<institution><![CDATA[,Università di Milano Department of Health Sciences ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Milán ]]></addr-line>
<country>Italia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af9">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ginebra ]]></addr-line>
<country>Suiza</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A10">
<institution><![CDATA[,Klinikum der Universität München Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Munich ]]></addr-line>
<country>Alemania</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A11">
<institution><![CDATA[,Klinikum der Universität München Stiftung Kindergesundheit. Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Munich ]]></addr-line>
<country>Alemania</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A12">
<institution><![CDATA[,Indiana University Bloomington School of Public Health Department of Applied Health Science ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Bloomington Indiana]]></addr-line>
<country>EE.UU</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A13">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Murcia Facultad de Biología Departamento de Fisiología Animal]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Murcia ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A14">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Chile Facultad de Medicina Departamento de Nutrición]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santiago ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A15">
<institution><![CDATA[,Toronto University Departamento de Ciencias de la Nutrición ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Toronto ]]></addr-line>
<country>Canadá</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A16">
<institution><![CDATA[,Clínica Universidad de Navarra Departamento de Pediatría ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A17">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Granada Facultad de Farmacia Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Granada ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A18">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Granada Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INYTA) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Granada ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A19">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Salud Carlos III CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y de la Nutrición (CIBEROBN) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A20">
<institution><![CDATA[,Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud Fundación Iberoamericana de Nutrición (FINUT) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Granada ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<fpage>1101</fpage>
<lpage>1112</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0212-16112021000600027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0212-16112021000600027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0212-16112021000600027&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[resumen está disponible en el texto completo]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are critical for infant growth and development, particularly arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3). ARA and DHA are components of cell membrane phospholipids and play an important role in cell division, differentiation, and signaling; and DHA is the n-3 fatty acid predominant in the developing brain and retina. During the third trimester of pregnancy, LC-PUFAs increase substantially in fetal circulation, and a &#8220;biomagnification&#8221; process in the fetal brain is observed. Moreover, LC-PUFAs are precursors of eicosanoids and metabolites, which modulate the intensity and duration of the immune response. LC-PUFA synthesis implies complex desaturation and elongation processes on their principal precursors, linoleic acid (LA) (18:3 n-6) (series n-6) and &#945;-linolenic acid (LNA) (20:3 n-3) (series n-3), where fatty acid desaturases (FADS) and elongases (ELOVL) are competing. It is important to notice that during the first months of life, as a consequence of low enzymatic activity, LC-PUFA synthesis from LA and LNA is reduced, especially in those infants carrying variations in the FADS and ELOVL genes, which are involved in LC-PUFA synthesis, and so they are unable to supply their own DHA and ARA needs. Homozygote infants for FADS haplotype A (97 % of the Latinoamerican population) show low levels of ARA (only 43 %) and DHA (only 24 %) when compared to those carrying haplotype D (more prevalent in Europe, Africa and Asia). Human milk is the only source of LA, LNA, ARA, and DHA for the neonate and infant till complementary feeding (CF) is introduced. Infants fed with infant formulas must receive enough amounts of LA, LNA, ARA, and DHA to cover their nutritional requirements. The new guidelines by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2016) recommend that infant formulas and follow-on formulas must contain 20-50 mg of DHA/100 kcal (0.5-1 % of total fatty acids, which is higher than in human milk and the majority of infant formulas in the market), and it is not necessary to add ARA. This new regulation, which is already applicable since February 2020, has resulted in profound controversy because there is no scientific evidence about its appropriateness and safety for healthy children. Then, different international expert groups have revised the research already published about the effects of ARA and DHA addition to infant formulas, and discussed different emerging questions from this European directive. The expert group led from the University of Granada (Spain) recommends the addition of ARA in similar or higher concentrations than those of DHA, at least equal to those present in human milk (0.3 % of total fatty acids), although preferably 0.5 % and up to around 0.64 % of total fatty acids, since new studies confirm the optimal intake of ARA and DHA during the different developmental stages. This recommendation could be of particular importance for infants carrying the haplotype A of FADS.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[DHA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ARA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Fórmula infantil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Leche humana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[DHA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ARA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Infant formula]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Human milk]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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