<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0212-1611</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Nutrición Hospitalaria]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Nutr. Hosp.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0212-1611</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Grupo Arán]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0212-16112025000501016</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20960/nh.05938</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Associations of serum vitamins, carotenoids, and retinyl esters with risk of hip and spine fractures]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Asociaciones de las vitaminas séricas, carotenoides y ésteres de retinol con el riesgo de fracturas de cadera y columna vertebral]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yifan]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Zhuo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jianhui]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wangyang]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wei]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ying]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xiao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Qunfei]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Zhi]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xiong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hui]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Graduate School ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Changsha ]]></addr-line>
<country>People&#8217;s Republic of China</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Orthopedics Department ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Changsha ]]></addr-line>
<country>People&#8217;s Republic of China</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Changde First Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics Department ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Changde ]]></addr-line>
<country>People&#8217;s Republic of China</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Xiangtan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics Department ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Xiangtan ]]></addr-line>
<country>People&#8217;s Republic of China</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<fpage>1016</fpage>
<lpage>1030</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0212-16112025000501016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0212-16112025000501016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0212-16112025000501016&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Background: most existing studies have explored the association between the intake of vitamins, carotenoids, and retinyl esters and fracture risk based on dietary questionnaires. However, these studies often involve small sample sizes and show considerable heterogeneity in results both across and within populations. To date, there is a lack of research systematically evaluating the relationships between serum concentrations of vitamins, carotenoids, and retinyl esters and the risks of hip and vertebral fractures. This study aimed to investigate these associations.  Methods: using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we employed multivariable logistic regression models to assess the associations between serum levels of vitamins, carotenoids, and retinyl esters and the risk of hip and vertebral fractures. Nonlinear relationships were explored using smooth curve fitting and two-piecewise linear regression models. Subgroup analyses were conducted to identify potential effect modifiers. The predictive performance of significant biomarkers was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Mediation analysis was further performed to explore the mediating role of bone mineral density (BMD) in these associations.  Results: serum levels of &#945;-carotene, &#946;-cryptoxanthin, vitamin E, and trans-lycopene were inversely associated with the risk of hip fractures. &#945;-carotene and lutein-zeaxanthin showed marginal associations with vertebral fracture risk. Nonlinear analyses suggested protective effects of &#945;-carotene and &#946;-cryptoxanthin at lower concentration ranges. ROC curve analysis indicated that serum &#945;-carotene could serve as a potential independent predictor of hip fracture risk. Mediation analysis revealed that BMD at the intertrochanter and trochanter regions partially mediated the associations between &#945;-carotene, &#946;-cryptoxanthin, and hip fracture risk.  Conclusion: this study is the first to confirm, based on serum biomarkers, the inverse associations of &#945;-carotene and &#946;-cryptoxanthin with fracture risk, and to report the relationship between trans-lycopene and hip fracture risk. &#945;-carotene and &#946;-cryptoxanthin demonstrated protective effects at lower serum levels, partially mediated through BMD, and serum &#945;-carotene may serve as a potential independent biomarker for predicting hip fracture risk.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Antecedentes: la mayoría de los estudios previos han analizado la relación entre la ingesta dietética de vitaminas, carotenoides y ésteres de retinol y el riesgo de fracturas basándose en cuestionarios alimentarios. Sin embargo, estos estudios suelen tener muestras pequeñas y resultados heterogéneos. Hasta ahora, pocos trabajos han evaluado de forma sistemática las concentraciones séricas de estos compuestos y su asociación con fracturas de cadera y columna.  Métodos: utilizando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (NHANES), se aplicaron modelos de regresión logística multivariable para examinar la relación entre los niveles séricos de vitaminas, carotenoides y ésteres de retinol y el riesgo de fracturas de cadera y columna. Se usaron curvas suavizadas y modelos de regresión segmentada para explorar las relaciones no lineales. Se realizaron análisis por subgrupos y curvas ROC para evaluar la capacidad predictiva de los biomarcadores significativos. También se aplicó un análisis de mediación para investigar el papel de la densidad mineral ósea (DMO).  Resultados: los niveles séricos de &#945;-caroteno, &#946;-criptoxantina, vitamina E y trans-licopeno se asociaron inversamente con el riesgo de fractura de cadera. El &#945;-caroteno y la luteína-zeaxantina mostraron asociaciones marginales con las fracturas vertebrales. Los análisis no lineales indicaron efectos protectores de &#945;-caroteno y &#946;-criptoxantina a niveles bajos. El &#945;-caroteno sérico mostró un buen valor predictivo para fractura de cadera. La DMO intertrocantérica y trocantérica medió parcialmente las asociaciones entre &#945;-caroteno, &#946;-criptoxantina y fractura de cadera.  Conclusión: este estudio confirma que niveles séricos bajos de &#945;-caroteno y &#946;-criptoxantina se asocian inversamente con el riesgo de fractura, especialmente de cadera. El trans-licopeno también mostró una relación protectora. El &#945;-caroteno podría actuar como biomarcador independiente para predecir fractura de cadera, con parte del efecto mediado por la DMO.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Serum SSSSSSSS-carotene]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Serum cryptoxanthin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Trans-lycopene]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hip fracture risk]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mediation analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[caroteno sérico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[rrrrrrrr-criptoxantina sérica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Trans-licopeno]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Riesgo de fractura de cadera]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Análisis de mediación]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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