<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0212-9728</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Anales de Psicología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Anal. Psicol.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0212-9728</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Murcia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0212-97282024000300011</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6018/analesps.594291</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[How to proceed when both normality and sphericity are violated in repeated measures ANOVA]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Cómo proceder cuando se violan la normalidad y la esfericidad en el ANOVA de medidas repetidas]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María J]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alarcón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arnau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jaume]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bono]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roser]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Malaga Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methodology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Barcelona Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Loyola Andalucía Department of Psychology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Barcelona Institute of Neurosciences ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>466</fpage>
<lpage>480</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0212-97282024000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0212-97282024000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0212-97282024000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Adjusted F-tests have typically been proposed as an alternative to the F-statistic in repeated measures ANOVA. Despite considerable research, it remains unclear how these statistics perform under simultaneous violation of normality and sphericity. Accordingly, our aim here was to conduct a detailed examination of Type I error and power of the F-statistic and the Greenhouse-Geisser (F-GG) and Huynh-Feldt (F-HF) adjustments, manipulating the number of repeated measures (3-6), sample size (10-300), sphericity (Greenhouse-Geisser epsilon estimator, , from its lower to upper limit), and distribution shape (slight to extreme deviations from normality). The findings show that the behavior of F-GG and F-HF depends on the degree of violation of both normality, sphericity, and sample size. Overall, we suggest using F-GG under violation of sphericity and slight or moderate deviations from normality in all sample size; with severe deviations from both normality and sphericity F-GG may be used with a sample size larger than 10; and with extreme deviation from both normality and sphericity this statistic may be used with a sample size larger than 30. In the event of discrepant results between F-GG and F-HF, the choice depends on the  value.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Las pruebas F ajustadas se han propuesto como alternativa al estadístico F en el ANOVA de medidas repetidas. A pesar de existir investigación previa, falta evidencia sobre el comportamiento de estos estadísticos en caso de violación simultánea de normalidad y esfericidad. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido realizar un examen detallado del error de tipo I y la potencia del estadístico F y los ajustes de Greenhouse-Geisser (F-GG) y Huynh-Feldt (F-HF), manipulando el número de medidas repetidas (3-6), el tamaño de la muestra (10-300), la esfericidad (estimador Greenhouse-Geisser de épsilon, , desde su límite inferior al superior), y la forma de la distribución (desde desviaciones leves a extremas de la normalidad). Los resultados muestran que el comportamiento de F-GG y F-HF depende del grado de violación de la normalidad, esfericidad y tamaño muestral. En general, se sugiere utilizar F-GG en caso de violación de la esfericidad y desviaciones leves o moderadas de la normalidad; con desviaciones graves de ambos, F-GG puede utilizarse con un tamaño muestral superior a 10; y con desviaciones extremas, este estadístico puede utilizarse con un tamaño muestral superior a 30. En caso de resultados discrepantes entre F-GG y F-HF, la elección depende del valor .]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Greenhouse-Geisser adjustment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Huynh-Feldt adjustment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Robustness]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Power]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Monte Carlo simulation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ajuste Greenhouse-Geisser]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ajuste Huynh-Feldt]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Robustez]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Potencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Simulación Monte Carlo]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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