Insight, psychosis and aggressive behaviour in mania
Itxaso González-Ortega*; Fernando Mosquera**; Enrique Echeburúa*; Ana González-Pinto**
* University of Basque Country, Department of Clinical Psychology, San Sebastián, Cibersam
** Santiago Apóstol Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Vitoria, Cibersam. SPAIN
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ABSTRACT
Background and Objectives: Aggressiveness is a common component of manic symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics associated with aggressive behaviour in bipolar patients with acute manic episodes.
Methods: A study was carried out with 173 patients who met the DSM-IV criteria for manic or mixed bipolar disorder. Clinical and demographic variables were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Significance and independence of relevant variables were tested with regression models.
Results: Forty percent of patients displayed aggressive behaviour. Involuntary nature of admission, positive psychotic symptoms and lack of insight were predictors of aggressive behaviour in manic patients.
Conclusions: Aggressive behaviour during acute manic episodes appears to be related with the severity of the psychopathology, and particularly positive psychotic symptoms, involuntary admissions and lack of insight.
Key words: Acute mania; Aggressive behaviour; Insight; Positive Psychotic Symptoms; Involuntary admission.
Background
Violent behaviour is relatively common in bipolar disorder and usually occurs during acute manic episodes1-5. The relationship between violence and psychotic symptoms has been widely described6-14. This is consistent with other psychiatric conditions in which psychotic symptoms are also correlated with an increased risk of violence15-19. Some studies have focused on the presence of mood congruent/incongruent psycho-tic symptoms in mania13, 20-22. It has been observed that manic patients with incongruent psychotic symptoms score higher for agitated, aggressive behaviour13,23.
]]> Patients with acute mania often require hospitalization, as their symptoms (grandiosity, impulsiveness, agitation, psychosis) may have substantial legal, penal, civil, work-related and social repercussions. Various studies have described how manic patients display high levels of violence during the early weeks of hospitalization and exhibit violent behaviour in the community in the two weeks prior to admission8,24-26. Their rate of violence tends to decrease following the immediate post-admission period on receiving effective interventions and treatment from hospital staff27-29. This is consistent with the view that the state or phase of the illness, in terms of acuteness or remission, is a useful predictor of violence30.One factor related with aggressiveness in manic patient is lack of insight. In fact, it has been shown that aggressiveness and lack of insight are grouped together in the same dimension31.
The aim of this study was to determine the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics associated with aggressive behaviour in a sample of bipolar patients with acute manic episodes.
Patients and methods
Subjects
A study was carried out on patients admitted to Santiago Hospital between 1997 and 2000. Patients who provided informed consent were included in the study. The sample included 173 subjects aged between 16 and 82 years.
Participants had to meet the DSM-IV criteria for type I manic or mixed bipolar disorder. Subjects with mental retardation, cerebral organic disorders or with a diagnosis of substance-induced mood disorder were excluded.
Evaluation methods
Diagnosis was determined using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I)32. The relevant clinical and demographic variables were gathered at the time of admission (at the 48 first hours) using an extensive protocol including age, duration of illness, inappropriate use of alcohol and drugs, suicide attempts and psychotic symptoms, as evaluated with the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale33 (PANSS: P, N and PG), the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale34 (BPRS) and the Schneider's first rank symptoms35. Manic and depressive symptoms were evaluated with the Young Mania Rating Scale36 (YMRS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale37 (HDRS-21).
]]> Both the aggressive behavior and degree of insight were assessed with the items 9 (aggressive behaviour) and 11 (insight) of YMRS respectively. Aggressiveness was defined as a score ≥ 4 on item 9 (aggressive behaviour) of the YMRS. The insight was defined as a score ≥ 2 on item 11 (insight) of YMRS. Both variables were treated as dicotomic variables in bivariate analysis to know the description and presence or not of this variable. On the other hand, insight and aggressiveness have been considered as continuous variables to know the severity of these phenomena and with predictive purpose on the linear regression model.Statistical analysis
The relationships between aggressive behaviour and the clinical and demographic data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test for two independent samples, Student´s t-test for equality of means and Pearson´s chi-square test. Significance and independence of the relevant variables were tested with a linear regression model. We performed a linear regression with aggressiveness as the dependent variable, and all the independent variables with p < 0.01 in bivariate analysis. SPSS for Windows, version 15.0.1, was used for the analyses.
Results
Demographic and clinical data
One hundred and seventy-three patients participated in the study, including 86 women and 87 men. The mean age of the patients was 35.06 years (±12.34). From this sample, 78.6% (136) met the DSM-IV criteria for pure mania and 21.4% (37) for mixed bipolar episodes. Admission was voluntary for 63.7% of the sample and involuntary for 36.3%. The clinical and demographic characteristics of the sample are provided in Table 1.
Of the 173 patients included in the study, 69 (40%) displayed aggressive behaviour. Curiously, gender was not a predictive factor of aggressive behaviour; there was no association between aggressiveness and male sex (X2 = 1.05; p = 0.30).
]]> The scores on the positive and general PANSS subscales were higher for aggressive patients: PANSS P (z = -2.74; p < 0.01) and PANSS PG (z = -3.54; p < 0.01). The BPRS scale also showed higher scores in aggressive patients (z = 3,430; p < 0.01). Statistically significant differences were found between aggressive and non-aggressive patients on the YMRS scale (z = 5.96; p < 0.01). Psychotic symptoms evaluated with Schneider´s number of symptoms was also associated with aggressive behaviour (z = -2.03; p < 0.05).Patients with aggressive behaviour had a significantly higher mean score than non-aggressive patients on the "dysphoric" dimension (z = -9.66; p< 0.001), with high scores on the following items from the Young scale: "irritability" (z = -6.18; p < 0.01); "abnormal behaviour" (z = -11.62; p < 0.01) and "nsight" (z = -4.07; p < 0.01). Furthermore, those with aggressive behaviour were more frequently hospitalized involuntarily (X2 = 16.1; p < 0.01).
Prior suicide attempts were recorded in 24.4% of patients, but no relationship between aggressive behaviour and suicidal behaviour was found (X2 = 0.26; p = 0.61). While 30.1% and 24.4% of patients had histories of alcohol and cannabis abuse respectively, with 14.5% reporting use of other drugs and 69.6% having a tobacco addiction, we did not find any association between substance abuse and aggressiveness (Table 2).
Using linear regression models to find those factors independently associated with aggressiveness, we found that involuntary admission (t = -2.91; p < 0.01), positive psychotic symptoms (t = 2.99; p < 0.01) and lack of insight (t = 3.33; p < 0.01) all predicted aggressive behaviour in manic patients (Table 3).
Discussion
The main finding of this investigation is that aggressiveness in bipolar patients during acute episodes depends on the severity of the episode and the degree of awareness of illness. A lack of awareness of illness, positive symptoms and the involuntary nature of the admission are the factors that predict aggressiveness. While some of these findings have already been described, no study has yet taken all these factors into account simultaneously and controlled the independence of these variables. It is important to differentiate between aggressiveness that occurs during acute illness and that which arises outside of this context, due to other factors that may explain aggressiveness in human beings. We believe that this distinction would contribute for removing the stigma associated with mental illness and particularly with bipolar disorder. The violence they show is not inherent but rather due to decompensation1-5.
]]> Aggressive behaviour is principally related with psychopathology. Severity of symptoms and lack of insight are factors associated with aggressiveness in mania. This results in involuntary admission that, in turn, has been associated with a greater degree of aggression in patients with acute mania. More specifically, aggressiveness during mania appears to be clearly related to positive psychotic symptoms (auditory hallucinations, conceptual disorganization, and paranoid delusions). The scores on the Positive (PANSS P) and General (PANSS PG) Symptoms Scales, as well as the high scores on Schneider´s number of psychotic symptoms criteria, indicate that severity of psychotic symptoms is a useful predictor of aggressive behaviour. Our results are in line with other studies that describe a relationship between aggressiveness and the presence of psychotic symptoms in manic patients6-13, 23.To date, no consensus has existed with regard to the association between insight and aggressiveness. Many studies have demonstrated a significant relationship between insight and positive symptoms, both in bipolar disorder and in other mental disorders14, 37-43. However, other authors conclude that reduced insight is not associated with high levels of psychopathology44, 45. Our research, which represents all manic population in psychiatric treatment in a health catchment area, now establishes a clear association between lack of insight and violence. An earlier study carried out with another patients sample found that aggressiveness and lack of insight were located in the same dimension31. Although participating in the study with informed consent is indicative of some degree of insight in all manic patients, there are relevant differences in this variable among the manic patients with or without aggressive behaviour.
Outbursts or aggressive states are thus associated with rapidly executed, impulsive acts of unexpected violence, occurring in response to minimal provocation or, on occasion, for no discernable reason. During these outbursts, a great deal of pathological tension is relieved. The tendency to engage in risky and aggressive behaviours is a core feature of the manic episodes of bipolar disorder because manic patients clearly show defects in decision making, which are strongly related to their lack of insight46. A recent meta-analytical investigation demonstrated that in bipolar disorder, insight improves after acute manic episodes, suggesting that degree of insight depends on the phase of the bipolar disorder47.
It comes as no surprise that hospital admission is often involuntary during the acute phase of the illness in those patients with the most severe symptoms2.
As demonstrated in other studies, we found that aggressive behaviour is associated with the involuntary nature of admission in manic patients. Involuntary admission is also significantly associated with a greater degree of aggression and lesser insight during acute mania, a finding which is also backed up by other studies14, 38-43.
Despite the fact that men are more violent than women in the general population48, gender was not associated with aggressive behaviour in our sample of manic patients, in line with other studies25, 48-52. For this reason, aggressiveness may be an indicator of mental state during acute mania in bipolar disorder. Taking this into account may help to diminish stigma in patients with bipolar disorder.
Among the limitations of this study, we must mention that "aggressiveness" and "lack of insight" have been measured with one single item on the YMRS and this may not be sufficient or sensitive enough to capture the whole meaning of both concepts.
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