Registered prevalence of borderline personality disorder in primary care databases

Prevalencia registrada del trastorno límite de personalidad en las bases de datos de atención primaria

Enric Aragonès^a,b, Luis Salvador-Carulla^c, Judit López-Muntaner^a,b, Marc Ferrer^d,e y Josep Lluís Piñol^a,b

^aResearch Unit, Tarragona-Reus Primary Care Area, Catalan Health Institute, Tarragona, Spain
^bPrimary Care Research Institute (IDIAP) Jordi Gol, Barcelona, Spain
^cPsychiatry Unit, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain ]]> ^dPsychiatry Department, University Hospital Vall d´Hebron, Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
^ePsychiatry and Legal Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Correspondence

ABSTRACT

Objective: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a common personality disorder, with a population prevalence of 1.4-5.9%, although the epidemiology of this disorder in primary care is insufficiently known. Our objective was to determine the registered prevalence of BPD in primary care databases and to study the demographic and clinical characteristics of these patients.
Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of the computerized databases of primary care clinical records. The target population consisted of all adults (> 16 years old) registered in the Catalan Health Institute (n = 4,764,729).
Results: The prevalence of recorded BPD was 0.017%, and was higher in patients with other mental disorders, particularly substance-abuse disorders (0.161%). These patients had twice as many appointments with the general practitioner as the general population (8.1 vs. 4.4).
Conclusion: The number of diagnoses of BPD recorded in primary care is extremely low, which contrasts with the available population-based data.

RESUMEN

Objetivo: El trastorno límite de la personalidad (TLP) es frecuente, con una prevalencia poblacional del 1,4% al 5,9%, aunque la epidemiología de este trastorno en atención primaria es escasamente conocida. Nuestro objetivo es determinar la prevalencia registrada de TLP en atención primaria y estudiar las características de estos pacientes.
Métodos: Estudio transversal de las bases de datos informatizadas de las historias clínicas de atención primaria. La población diana son los adultos (>16 años) registrados en el Instituto Catalán de la Salud (n = 4.764.729).
Resultados: La prevalencia de TLP registrada es del 0,017%, y es mayor en los pacientes con otros trastornos mentales, particularmente trastornos por abuso de sustancias (0,161%). Estos pacientes duplican las visitas al médico general de la población general (8,1 frente a 4,4).
Conclusión: Los diagnósticos de TLP registrados en atención primaria son escasos, lo que contrasta con los datos poblacionales disponibles.

Palabras clave: Trastorno límite de la personalidad. Atención primaria de salud. Comorbilidad. Prevalencia. Historias clínicas.

Introduction

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by emotional instability and difficulties in interpersonal relationships and impulse control. Patients with BPD often show self-destructive behaviors and are at significant risk of suicide.^1,2 Functional deterioration can be considerable and persistent,³ and there are high rates of comorbidity with other mental disorders.^{4, 5} Epidemiological studies in the general population have reported prevalence estimations of between 1.4% and 5.9%.^{6, 7}

Methods

Spain has a highly developed primary care system with universal coverage organized by catchment areas and providing care for over 97% of the population. Public health centers are staffed with general practitioners, pediatricians, nurses and other personnel. Doctors have a patient list and are gatekeepers to specialist care. Since medication can be expensive, even the population with duplicate coverage (private insurance bought on top of public coverage) that does not usually consult with their public sector general practitioner have an incentive to contact the health center in order to obtain subsidized official prescriptions. This system is linked to mental health care centers.¹⁰ Therefore, primary care databases register information on most of the population attended in the healthcare system. Our cross-sectional analysis focused on the database of the Information System for the Development of Research in Primary Care (Sistema d´Informació per al Desenvolupament de la Investigació en Atenció Primària [SIDIAP], IDIAP-Jordi Gol) database. This database contains all the primary care medical records of the Catalan Health Institute (Institut Català de la Salut [ICS]). The ICS is the main public supplier of healthcare in Catalonia and covers 76.6% of the population.¹¹ The target population consists of all individuals aged 16 years old or over registered at ICS primary care centers.

Measures and statistical analysis

We identified the proportion of patients with a diagnosis of BPD (code F60.3/ICD-10) recorded as an active health problem in their clinical record on 31/12/2010, regardless of the time when the diagnosis was registered. This overall figure was then broken down according to demographic characteristics (sex, age) and the presence of other mental disorders: substance abuse disorders, except nicotine (codes F10-19, except F17/ICD-10), psychotic disorders (codes F20-29/ICD-10), affective disorders (codes F30-39/ICD-10) and anxiety/neurotic disorders (codes F40-48/ICD-10). The odds ratios were calculated (95%CI) to evaluate how the presence of the recorded diagnosis of BPD was associated with these patient characteristics. For these calculations, we used the EPIDAT 3.1 statistical software. In individuals with BDP we investigated the use of psychiatric drugs, psychiatric comorbidity and the number of visits made to their general practitioner in a year.

Results

Data from 4,764,729 individuals were evaluated. A total of 829 had a recorded diagnosis of BDP (0.017%). The rates in men (0.018%) and women (0.016%) were similar. There was an inverse relationship between prevalence and age: prevalence was higher under 24 years (0.031%) and was lower above 35 years (0.014%). The prevalences of BPD were higher in patients with other mental disorders, especially substance abuse disorders (0.161%) (Table 1).

Patients with BPD often had comorbid mental disorders, consisting of affective disorders in 26.3%, neurotic disorders in 38.1%, psychotic disorders in 5.1%, and substance abuse (most frequently alcohol) in 21.5%. These patients often consumed psychiatric drugs, particularly antidepressants (37.6%) and anxiolytics (37.4%). Of all the patients with BPD, 89.4% had visited their general practitioner during the year, with a mean of 8.1 visits per patient (Table 2).

Discussion

We found that 0.017% of adult patients had a diagnosis of BDP in their clinical records, a percentage that is a long way from the prevalences reported by epidemiological studies in the general population or primary care.^{6, 7, 9} The discrepancy between the data is clear: the recorded prevalence of BPD is 82 times lower than the population prevalence reported by Lenzenweger et al.⁶ (0.017% versus 1.4%). This difference is even greater if compared with the 5.9% reported by Grant et al.⁷ or the 6.4% reported by Gross et al.⁹ in primary care patients. Comparison of these epidemiological data with data obtained from clinical records is difficult but it can be assumed that if BPD is detected and diagnosed "appropriately", the prevalence of the diagnoses on record should be closer to the population prevalence. The substantial discrepancy between the two figures suggests considerable underdiagnosis. Importantly, all relevant information about health status should be recorded in the primary care medical records, whether the health problems are handled in the primary care setting or at other levels of care.

We were also able to show that the demographic and clinical characteristics related to the recorded diagnosis of BPD are in agreement with the data reported in epidemiological studies in the general population^6,7 or clinical populations:¹ the frequency was similar between both sexes (in psychiatric patients there tends to be a higher percentage of women^{1, 2} but in the general population the prevalence is similar in both sexes^6,7), the prevalence decreases with age, and there are considerable comorbidity relations with other mental disorders, particularly substance abuse/consumption.¹² Patients with BPD make considerable use of health services⁸ and this phenomenon was also the case in our primary care patients: on average, over the course of a year, these patients visited the primary care doctor twice as often as the general adult population in Catalonia¹³ (8.1 versus 4.4 annual visits).

The data used for this study have some drawbacks, however. The diagnosis of those patients with BPD mainly treated by psychiatric services may not be included in the primary care medical records. General practitioners may not be aware that a patient has been diagnosed with BPD and, even if they are, they may not see the usefulness of this diagnostic label as it may not have a substantial effect on the primary care therapeutic plan. In some cases, the physician may prefer to save the patient from the stigma associated with a diagnosis of a personality disorder.¹⁴ An added difficulty for appropriate diagnosis is that the name given in the ICD-10 -Emotionally unstable personality disorder- is quite different from the better known name used in DSM-IV -Borderline personality disorder.

Each year a large proportion of the population contacts primary care,¹³ mainly individuals with psychological distress. Primary care plays a fundamental role in the management of the most common mental disorders. Although BPD is generally managed by specialized mental health professionals,¹⁵ some authors have suggested that primary care should play a role in suspected diagnosis and in maintaining continuous care.¹⁵ Likewise, it has been stressed that general practitioners should be aware of the diagnosis of BPD in their patients because this disorder can affect how other common psychiatric disorders (e.g. depression, anxiety, somatization) or even disorders of an organic nature are managed (e.g. obesity, diabetes, AIDS, pain).¹⁶

To sum up, BPD is a diagnostic category that is used very little in primary care. This study confirms that there is a considerable gap between the real prevalence of BPD in the population and its prevalence in clinical records. This conclusion, however, generates new questions that need to be answered by future research to determine whether the use of this diagnostic category in primary care could improve the management of these patients and to establish the role that primary care could or should have in the detection and management of this disorder.

Authors´ contributions

E. Aragonès is the principal investigator and developed the original idea for the study. E. Aragonès is the study's guarantor. The study design was further developed by E. Aragonès, L. Salvador-Carulla, J.L. Piñol, J. López-Muntaner and M. Ferrer. J.L. Piñol and E. Aragonès performed the statistical analysis. E. Aragonès drafted the manuscript and all authors have read and revised versions of the draft and have approved the final version.

Funding

None.

Competing interests

None.

We are grateful to Francesc Fina of the SIDIAP (Information System for the Development of Research in Primary Care) for his kind collaboration in extracting the data used in this article.

Marc Ferrer is grateful for the support provided by the Plan on Mental Health and Addictions (Government of Catalonia, Health Department) and grants from the Obra Social-"La Caixa" Foundation.

References

1. Leichsenring F, Leibing E, Kruse J, et al. Borderline personality disorder. Lancet. 2011; 377:74-84.         [ Links ]

2. Gunderson JG. Borderline personality disorder. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364:2037-42.         [ Links ]

3. Gunderson JG, Stout RL, McGlashan TH, et al. Ten-year course of borderline personality disorder: psychopathology and function from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011; 68:827-37.         [ Links ]

4. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Hennen J, et al. Axis I comorbidity in patients with borderline personality disorder: 6-year follow-up and prediction of time to remission. Am J Psychiatry. 2004; 161:2108-14.         [ Links ]

5. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Vujanovic AA, et al. Axis II comorbidity of borderline personality disorder: description of 6-year course and prediction to time-to-remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004; 110:416-20.         [ Links ]

6. Lenzenweger MF, Lane MC, Loranger AW, et al. DSM-IV personality disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biol Psychiatry. 2007; 62:553-64.         [ Links ]

7. Grant BF, Chou SP, Goldstein RB, et al. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder: results from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008; 69:533-45.         [ Links ]

8. Sansone RA, Farukhi S, Wiederman MW. Utilization of primary care physicians in borderline personality. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2011; 33:343-6.         [ Links ]

9. Gross R, Olfson M, Gameroff M, et al. Borderline personality disorder in primary care. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162:53-60.         [ Links ]

10. Borkan J, Eaton CB, Novillo-Ortiz D, et al. Renewing primary care: lessons learned from the Spanish health care system. Health Aff (Millwood). 2010; 29:1432-41.         [ Links ]

11. Institut Català de la Salut. Memòria 2009. Barcelona: Generalitat de Catalunya; 2010. 32p. (Accesed on November 9, 2011). Available at: http://www.gencat.cat/ics/infocorp/pdf/memoria_2009.pdf        [ Links ]

12. Torrens M, Gilchrist G, Domingo-Salvany A, psyCoBarcelona Group. Psychiatric comorbidity in illicit drug users: substance-induced versus independent disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011; 113:147-56.         [ Links ]

13. Departament de Salut. Central de Resultats. 2on Informe. Desembre 2010. Barcelona: Generalitat de Catalunya; 2011, 328 p. (Accesed on November 9, 2011). Available at: http://www.gencat.cat/salut/depsan/units/aatrm/pdf/central_resultats_segoninforme_2011.pdf.         [ Links ]

14. Newton-Howes G, Weaver T, Tyrer P. Attitudes of staff towards patients with personality disorder in community mental health teams. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2008; 42:572-7.         [ Links ]

15. Grupo de trabajo de la guía de práctica clínica sobre trastorno límite de la personalidad. Guía de práctica clínica sobre trastorno límite de la personalidad. Barcelona: Agència d´Informació, Avaluació i Qualitat en Salut; 2011. 323p, (Accesed on November 9, 2011). Available at: http://www.gencat.cat/salut/depsan/units/aatrm/pdf/gpc_tlp_2011_completa.pdf        [ Links ]

16. Sansone RA, Sansone LA. Borderline personality. A primary care context. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2004; 1:19-27.         [ Links ]

Correspondece:
earagones.tarte.ics@gencat.cat
(E. Aragonès)