<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0213-9111</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Gaceta Sanitaria]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Gac Sanit]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0213-9111</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria (SESPAS)]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0213-91112025000102205</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.gaceta.2025.102452</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Validación psicométrica de la Escala de Malestar Psicológico Kessler 10 (K-10) en personas mayores en España]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Validation of the Kessler-10 Psychological Distress Scale (K-10) in older adults in Spain]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Esteban]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[P. Gallardo-Peralta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lorena]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gálvez-Nieto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Complutense de Madrid Departamento de Sociología: Metodología y Teoría ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Alberto Hurtado Departamento de Trabajo Social ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de La Frontera Departamento de Trabajo Social ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Temuco ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0213-91112025000102205&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0213-91112025000102205&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0213-91112025000102205&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Objetivo: Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de validez y fiabilidad de la Escala de Malestar Psicológico de Kessler 10 (K-10) en una muestra de personas mayores de España.  Método: Estudio transversal observacional analítico para la validación de un instrumento de medición. Se llevó a cabo entre los meses de mayo y junio del año 2022. La muestra estuvo constituida por 887 personas de 65 y más años de edad. Para la validación se comprobaron las propiedades psicométricas de fiabilidad, consistencia interna evaluada a partir del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach estandarizado y omega de McDonald ordinal, validez de constructo a partir de análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios, y validez convergente, mediante correlaciones r de Pearson (utilizando la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica de 5 ítems [GDS-5]). Se analizó la estructura factorial unidimensional propuesta por el desarrollo original de la escala.  Resultados: El análisis factorial exploratorio sugirió la presencia de un factor que explicó el 67,48% de la varianza. El análisis factorial confirmatorio ratificó la validez de la escala confirmando la existencia de una estructura unidimensional [mínimos cuadrados ponderados robustos, WLSMV-&#967;2 (df = 35)=125,083; índice de ajuste comparativo, CFI=0,951; índice de Tucker-Lewis, TLI=0,938; error cuadrático medio de aproximación, RMSEA=0,066 (intervalo de confianza: 0,052-0,081)]. La correlación con las puntuaciones de la escala GDS-5 respaldaron la existencia de validez convergente (r=0,599; p &lt;0,001). Se obtuvieron adecuados coeficientes de fiabilidad para el factor general (&#945;=0,944; &#631;=0,945).  Conclusiones: La escala K-10 presentó adecuados niveles de validez y fiabilidad en la muestra. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que se trata de un instrumento adecuado para evaluar el malestar psicológico inespecífico en personas mayores. Su carácter breve y su fácil aplicación hacen que sea especialmente adecuada tanto para investigación epidemiológica como para cribado.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Objective: To assess the psychometric properties of validity and reliability of the Kessler-10 Psychological Distress Scale (K-10) in a sample of Spanish older adults.  Method: An observational, analytical cross-sectional study was conducted for instrument validation between May and June 2022. The sample consisted of 887 individuals aged 65 and over. To assess the psychometric properties, reliability was evaluated using standardized Cronbach&amp;apos;s alpha and McDonald&amp;apos;s omega coefficients, while construct validity was examined through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Convergent validity was assessed using Pearson&amp;apos;s correlation coefficients (using the 5-item Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS-5]). The unidimensional factor structure proposed in the original development of the scale was analyzed.  Results: Exploratory factor analysis yielded a one-factor structure explaining 67.48% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the unidimensional structure of the scale [weighted least squares mean and variance adjusted, WLSMV-&#967;2 (df=35)=125.083; comparative fit index, CFI=0.951; Tucker-Lewis index, TLI=0.938; root mean square error of approximation, RMSEA=0.066 (confidence interval: 0.052-0.081)]. The correlation with GDS-5 scores supported the existence of convergent validity (r=0.599; p &lt;0.001). Adequate reliability coefficients were obtained for the general factor (&#945;=0.944; &#631;=0.945).  Conclusions: The K-10 scale showed adequate levels of validity and reliability in the sample. The results obtained suggest that it is a suitable instrument for assessing non-specific psychological distress in older adults. Its brevity and ease of administration make the scale particularly suitable for epidemiological research and/or screening.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Salud mental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Malestar psicológico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Envejecimiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Propiedades psicométricas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Personas mayores]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mental health]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Psychological distress]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Aging]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Psychometric properties]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Older persons]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arias-de la Torre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vilagut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ronaldson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence and variability of depressive symptoms in Europe: update using representative data from the second and third waves of the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS-2 and EHIS-3)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Public Health]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>e889-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ausín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castellanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Loneliness, sociodemographic and mental health variables in Spanish adults over 65 years old]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Span J Psychol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>20</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henning-Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Quality of life and psychological distress among older adults: the role of living arrangements]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Appl Gerontol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<page-range>39-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Curran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression in older adults: gender differences in psychosocial indicators]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Affect Disord]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>267</volume>
<page-range>114-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallardo-Peralta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrón López de Roda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Socioeconomic status, loneliness, and depression among older adults: a cross-sectional study in Spain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Geriatr]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>24</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mirowsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ross]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Measurement for a human science]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Health Soc Behav]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<page-range>152-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Drapeau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marchand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beaulieu-Prevost]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Epidemiology of psychological distress. Mental illnesses - Understanding, prediction and control]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[InTech]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Andrés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matud Aznar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diferencias de género en el estrés y la salud de las personas mayores]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dilemata]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>157-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Losada-Baltar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Márquez-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez-Gonzalo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diferencias en función de la edad y la autopercepción del envejecimiento en ansiedad, tristeza, soledad y sintomatología comórbida ansioso-depresiva durante el confinamiento por la COVID-19]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<page-range>272-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kessler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrews]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colpe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychol Med]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>959-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kessler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colpe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Screening for serious mental illness in the general population]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Gen Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<page-range>184-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kessler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ustün]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Methods Psychiatr Res]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>93-121</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Furukawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kessler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Slade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The performance of the K6 and K10 screening scales for psychological distress in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychol Med]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>357-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brenlla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aranguren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Adaptación argentina de la Escala de Malestar Psicológico de Kessler (K10)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Psicol]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>308-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas Terrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villamil Salcedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez Estrada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Validación de la escala Kessler 10 (K-10) en la detección de depresión y ansiedad en el primer nivel de atención. Propiedades psicométricas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Salud Ment]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>323-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arias Gallegos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivera Calcina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ceballos Canaza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Confiabilidad y estructura factorial de la escala de malestar psicológico de Kessler en estudiantes universitarios de Arequipa (Perú)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Med Manizales]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>387-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larzabal-Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pilco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreta-Herrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Psychometric properties of the Kessler psychological distress scale in a sample of adolescents from Ecuador]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Child Psychiatry Hum Dev]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<page-range>1413-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vega-Dienstmaier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estudios psicométricos de los instrumentos en español para la detección de trastornos mentales comunes: una revisión]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Neuropsiquiatr]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<page-range>127-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vasiliadis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chudzinski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gontijo-Guerra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Screening instruments for a population of older adults: the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychiatry Res]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>228</volume>
<page-range>89-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calkin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Numbers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brodaty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Measuring distress in older population: Rasch analysis of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Affect Disord]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>330</volume>
<page-range>117-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sunderland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrews]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The 10-item Kessler psychological distress scale (K10) as a screening instrument in older individuals]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Geriatr Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>596-606</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McNamara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gubhaju]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Measuring psychological distress in older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Australians: a comparison of the K-10 and K-5]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aust N Z J Public Health]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>567-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GOA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NADS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sousa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Validity and reliability of Kessler psychological distress scale for Brazilian elderly: a cross-sectional study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Bras Enferm]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<numero>^s2</numero>
<issue>^s2</issue>
<supplement>2</supplement>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Min]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Validation of the K6/K10 scales of psychological distress and their optimal cutoff scores for older Koreans]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Aging Hum Dev]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>80</volume>
<page-range>264-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lotfalinezhad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sahaf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Psychometric properties of the Persian Kessler psychological distress scale among Iranian older adults]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Iran J Health Sci]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>21-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Requena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez-Merino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Single time-point study of the home environment and functionality of older adults in Spain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Environ Res Public Health]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>17</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoyl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alessi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JO]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Development and testing of a five-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Am Geriatr Soc]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<page-range>873-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortega Orcos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salinero Fort]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kazemzadeh Khajoui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Validación de la versión española de 5 y 15 ítems de la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica en personas mayores en atención primaria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Clin Esp]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>207</volume>
<page-range>559-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lorenzo-Seva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrando]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[FACTOR: a computer program to fit the exploratory factor analysis model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Behav Res Methods]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>88-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrando]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lorenzo-Seva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Assessing the quality and appropriateness of factor solutions and factor score estimates in exploratory item factor analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Educ Psychol Meas]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<page-range>762-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Timmerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lorenzo-Seva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychol Methods]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>209-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muthén]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muthén]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BO]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mplus user's guide]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<edition>8</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Los Angeles ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Muthén &amp; Muthén]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schumacker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lomax]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<edition>fourth</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Psychology Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Browne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cudeck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Alternative ways of assessing model fit]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sociol Meth Res]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>230-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Construcción de escalas de actitudes tipo Likert]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[La Muralla]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trizano-Hermosilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gálvez-Nieto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reliability estimation in multidimensional scales: comparing the bias of six estimators in measures with a bifactor structure]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Psychol]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>12</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McDonald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Test theory: a unified treatment]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Psychology Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nunnally]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Psychometric theory]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<edition>3</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Michigan ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[McGraw-Hill]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peixoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zanini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Andrade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Kessler Distress Scale (K10): an application of the rating scale model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psicol Reflex Crit]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>34</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larzabal-Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pilco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreta-Herrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Psychometric properties of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale in a sample of adolescents from Ecuador]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Child Psychiatry Hum Dev]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<page-range>1413-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fassaert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Wit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tuinebreijer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Psychometric properties of an interviewer-administered version of the Kessler Psychological Distress scale (K10) among Dutch. Moroccan and Turkish respondents]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Methods Psychiatr Res]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>159-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kessler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGonagle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Gen Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>8-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wojujutari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Idemudia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ES]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Consistency as the currency in psychological measures: a reliability generalization meta-analysis of Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10 and K-6)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Depress Anxiety]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cairney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Veldhuizen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluation of 2 measures of psychological distress as screeners for depression in the general population]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Can J Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<page-range>111-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baillie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Predictive gender and education bias in Kessler's Psychological Distress Scale (K10)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>743-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spies]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Validity of the Kessler 10 (K-10) in detecting DSM-IV defined mood and anxiety disorders among pregnant women]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Womens Ment Health]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>69-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
