<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0213-9111</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Gaceta Sanitaria]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Gac Sanit]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0213-9111</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria (SESPAS)]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0213-91112025000102222</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.gaceta.2025.102539</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Prevalencia de depresión y factores socioeconómicos asociados: evolución en los periodos previo y posterior a la COVID-19]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Prevalence of depression and associated socioeconomic factors: evolution from the pre- to post-COVID-19 periods]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pichiule-Castañeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Myrian]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendoza-Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Ysabel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez-Berjón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Felícitas]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gandarillas Grande]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Consejería de Sanidad, Comunidad de Madrid Dirección General de Salud Pública Subdirección General de Vigilancia en Salud Pública]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal Servicio de Medicina Preventiva ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0213-91112025000102222&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0213-91112025000102222&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0213-91112025000102222&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Objetivo: Analizar la evolución de la prevalencia de depresión en la población adulta de la Comunidad de Madrid en los periodos previo y posterior a la pandemia de COVID-19, por sexo y según variables socioeconómicas.  Método: Los datos proceden del Sistema de Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo de Enfermedades no Transmisibles en población de 18-64 años. Se analizan los periodos pre-COVID-19 (2018 y 2019), COVID-19 (2020, 2021 y 2022) y post-COVID-19 (2023). Se consideró depresión una puntuación &#8805;10 en el cuestionario PHQ-8. Se calcularon prevalencias y razones de prevalencia por periodos y entre periodos, con intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%), según modelos de regresión de Poisson por sexo y ajustadas por variables socioeconómicas.  Resultados: En 11.959 participantes, la prevalencia de depresión en los hombres fue del 3,6% (IC95%: 2,8-4,5) en el periodo pre-COVID-19, del 6,6% (IC95%: 5,7-7,5) en el periodo COVID-19 y del 7,8% (IC95%: 6,3-9,7) en el periodo post-COVID-19; en las mujeres fue del 6,4% (IC95%: 5,4-7,6), el 13,0% (IC95%: 11,8-14,2) y el 12,7% (IC95%: 10,8-14,9), respectivamente. Las razones de prevalencia respecto al periodo previo ajustadas por variables socioeconómicas indican un incremento en el periodo COVID-19, que se mantiene en el periodo post-COVID-19, y con un incremento en la brecha de género durante la pandemia. En los hombres se aprecia un gradiente socioeconómico con incrementos en los de menor nivel educativo y clase social ocupacional más desfavorecida, mientras que en las mujeres el incremento se aprecia en todos los grupos socioeconómicos. En el periodo post-COVID-19 destaca la elevada prevalencia en jóvenes.  Conclusiones: La mayor prevalencia de depresión en las mujeres se acentuó durante la pandemia de COVID-19. El incremento de la depresión muestra diferencias según sexo y nivel socioeconómico.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Objective: To analyse the evolution of the prevalence of depression in adults in the Community of Madrid from the pre- to post-COVID-19 periods according to sex and socioeconomic factors.  Method: The source of information was the Non-communicable Disease Risk-Factor Surveillance System in population aged 18-64 years. Trends are analysed by period: pre-COVID-19 (2018 and 2019), COVID-19 (2020, 2021 and 2022) and post-COVID-19 (2023). Depression was defined as a score &#8805;10 on the PHQ-8 questionnaire. Prevalence and prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated for different periods and for comparisons between periods, according to Poisson regression models by sex and adjusted for socioeconomic variables.  Results: In 11,959 people surveyed, the prevalence of depression in men was 3.6% (95%CI: 2.8-4.5) in the pre-COVID-19, 6.6% (95%CI: 5.7-7.5) in COVID-19 and 7.8% (95%CI: 6.3-9.7) in the post-COVID-19, and in women it was 6.4% (95%CI: 5.4-7.6), 13.0% (95%CI: 11.8-14.2) and 12.7% (95%CI: 10.8-14.9), respectively. The prevalence ratios to respect to the previous period, adjusted for socioeconomic variables, indicate an increase in COVID-19, maintaining this increase in the post COVID-19 period and with an increase in the gender gap during the pandemic. In men, a socioeconomic gradient was observed, with increases among those with the lowest educational attainment and the most disadvantaged socio-occupational class, while for women the increase was observed in all socioeconomic groups. The high prevalence among young people in the post COVID-19 period is noteworthy.  Conclusions: The highest prevalence of depression among women was accentuated during the COVID-19 pandemic. The increase in depression shows differences by sex and socioeconomic status.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Depresión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Encuestas de salud]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Factores socioeconómicos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Equidad de género]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Depression]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Health surveys]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Social determinants of health]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Gender equity]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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