Acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage originating in the small intestine

A. Ríos, M. J. Montoya, J. M. Rodríguez and P. Parrilla

Service of General Surgery and Digestive Diseases I. Department of Surgery. Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca. El Palmar. Murcia, Spain

Correspondence

Introduction: lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage (LGIH) is generally self-limiting, and the most frequent etiologies are located at colonic level. The objective here is to analyze the diagnostic and therapeutic handling of acute LGIH when its etiology was located in the small intestine.
Patients and methods: between 1975 and March 2002, 12 acute cases of LGIH originating in the small intestine were admitted to our service. All consulted the hospital with acute rectorrhage, requiring a transfusion of at least 3 units of concentrated red blood cells. The mean age was 54 ± 21 years, 58% were women, and 83% had experienced previous episodes of LGIH.
Results: in eleven cases (92%) an urgent lower and upper endoscopy was performed without locating the source of bleeding. An arteriography was indicated in 7 patients (58%), which located the bleeding origin in 5 of them. In two cases a scintigraphy was performed, showing a Meckel's diverticulum in one patient and a normal image in another. All were operated on; in 8 cases (67%), surgery was urgent; in 9 cases, a tumor was found, and in three additional patients, a case of Meckel's diverticulum was found, with a resection being carried out for all lesions. Histology showed a leiomyoma in 7 cases, a Meckel's diverticulum in 3 cases, a leiomyoblastoma in 1, and an angioma in the remaining case. After a mean follow-up of 132 ± 75 months, the leiomyoblastoma resulted in death, and there was a relapse in the case of angioma, which was successfully embolized with interventional radiology.
Conclusions: acute LGIH originating in the small intestine should be considered a possible etiology when digestive endoscopy does not locate the source of bleeding, with arteriography being a useful diagnostic technique for bleeding localization. Surgery is the definitive treatment - it confirms the etiology and rules out the presence of malignancy.

Key words: Acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Surgery. Small intestine. Leiomyoma. Meckel's diverticulum.

Ríos Zambudio A, Montoya Tabares MJ, Rodríguez González JM, Parrilla Paricio P. Acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage originating in the small intestine. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2006; 98: 196-203.

Introduction

Lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage (LGIH) constitutes a very frequent clinical problem in the developed world; in most cases it is not acute, and the cause negligible (1). On occasions, this hemorrhage is acute and represents a serious clinical problem, thus requiring a fast etiological and topographic diagnosis to allow appropriate treatment (1,2).

Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the diagnostic and therapeutic management of acute LGIH originating in the small intestine.

Material and methods

We revised all cases of acute LGIH treated in our hospital from 1975 to March 2002, referring to patients admitted to hospital because of acute rectal bleeding, and a decrease in hematocrit equal to or above 10 points, or those who required a transfusion of at least three concentrated units of red blood cells (2). Arterial-enteric fistulas treated by cardiovascular surgery were excluded; 175 cases of LGIH were detected that complied with these criteria, and we selected 12 patients (7%) in whom the source of bleeding was localized in the small intestine.

Mean age was 54 ± 21 years (19-80 years), with a slight predominance of women (58%; n = 7). Ten (83%) patients had had previous symptoms of LGIH, three of them (25%) with an admission to hospital. None had a history of abdominal surgery, nor were they anticoagulated or antiaggregated. In 5 cases (42%) bleeding was acute; however, the remaining cases reported having had mild rectal bleeding in the previous days, and a subsequent exacerbation of rectal bleeding symptoms.

The following have been analyzed: age, sex, duration, clinical onset, symptoms, complementary tests carried out, transfusional needs, need for surgery, localization of bleeding point, surgical technique applied, associated morbidity and mortality, hemorrhage control, relapse of bleeding, and outcome. Descriptive statistics have been developed for each of the variables.

Results

All patients consulted the hospital for symptoms of acute rectal bleeding with blood clotting. In 4 (33%) it was accompanied by an autonomic syndrome, and 3 of these had tachycardia (109-135 bpm) and hypotension (70-80/30-50 mmHg) on arrival in the emergency ward. In addition, 4 patients (33%) showed abdominal pain of colic type. None reported prior alterations in the gastrointestinal transit.

All were operated on, 8 (67%) as urgent cases and 4 in a non-urgent way (33%). In 3 cases (25%), a Meckel's diverticulum was found, which was excised. In the rest, the finding was a tumor of the small intestine, which was resected. In one of these cases the tumor was an angioma, and the surgeon was concerned about the possible existence of other concurrent angioma lesions, which led to the performance of an intraoperative enteroscopy, which ruled out such possibility. Morbidity was 16%, which corresponds to an infection of a laparotomy wound and to a chest angina, without there being mortality (Table I). Mean hospital stay was 13 ± 7 days (7-35 days). In the tumoral lesions, the histological study reported a leiomyoma in 7 cases, leiomyoblastoma in one, and angioma in the remaining case.

After a mean follow-up of 132 ± 75 months there have been no new bleeding episodes, except in one patient operated for jejunal a angioma. In this case the jejunal angioma relapsed after two years, which was treated by selective embolization using interventional radiology, without there being any posterior sign of bleeding. The patient with a leiomyoblastoma died from tumor progression within two years of postoperative follow-up.

Discussion

When faced with acute LGIH the main objective is to stabilize and establish vital support measures, and then to evaluate the possible etiology (2,4), as was carried out in our series. A well-focussed clinical examination and exploration is essential (2,4). In this way, etiologies of the small intestine usually occur in young people, contrary to colonic pathology, which usually occurs in the elderly (1,4). Thus, in our series, the patients with Meckel's diverticulum were under 30 years of age.

The diagnostic protocols of acute LGIH include an ano-rectal exploration as a first step, to rule out a possible high source of bleeding, and a colonoscopy (2,4,7,8). In etiologies of the small intestine, these three explorations are normal, or a pathology is found without signs of bleeding (7), as documented in our series after applying this protocol (Table II). Other explorations that are generally secondary acquire greater relevance in these cases. Thus, arteriography is the best diagnostic technique, with a diagnostic rate oscillating between 40 and 78% with low morbidity (2-4%) (2,4,9). In our series the bleeding was localized in 72% of cases in which it was carried out, without related morbidity and mortality. In recent years, there has been a great technological development in interventional radiology, in the material used (flexible catheters of a smaller size and less resistance, etc.) as well as in the embolization particles, which is making its diagnostic and therapeutic use more generalized in certain pathologies (10). In our patient with jejunal angioma, the relapse was treated with embolization by radiology, as we already had a prior histological diagnosis, the patient was at high surgical risk, and surgical reintervention presented greater morbidity. However, we consider it risky to use this treatment on a tumor without histological confirmation, given that in patients with malignant tumoral pathology radical surgery can affect the patient's vital prognosis.

Scintigraphy with red blood cells labelled with Tc99 plays a poor role in the general prognosis of LGIH, and its use should be limited to testing whether there is suspicion of Meckel's diverticulum, as sensitivity and specificity in this pathology oscillates between 85 and 95%, respectively (4,11). In cases of established LGIH without bleeding, in which a colonic source is not localized, other techniques should be considered for the evaluation of the small intestine, such as enteroscopy, radiology of the small intestine, and the endoscopic capsule (12-17), although its value is limited in the acute process.

Surgery is the chosen treatment in cases in which the small intestine is localized as the source of bleeding, as it deals with acute clinical symptoms, it confirms etiology, and rules out the presence of malignancy. The problem arises if the bleeding point is not localized and it is necessary to carry out an emergency laparotomy due to hemorrhage persistence or recurrence. In these cases the etiology is suspected to be colonic, and the surgeon, in an erroneous way, might be forced to carry out a blind colonic resection. Therefore, even if the whole of the colon is full of blood, the small intestine should be checked, especially if it has blood on the inside. So it is relatively easy to localize a bleeding lesion intraoperatively in the small intestine, and we can then avoid two problems: first, unnecessary surgery on the colon, and secondly, leaving the etiology of the small intestine without treatment. When there are doubts on the presence of lesions in the small intestine during the operation, above all in generally multiple lesions (18), as occurred in our patient with angioma, the chosen diagnostic exploration is intraoperative enteroscopy (13,19), as it allows to diagnose lesions which might have otherwise gone unnoticed on palpation (20).

As a general rule, the morbidity associated with urgent surgery for acute LGIH is high. However, when the etiology comes from the small intestine, morbidity is usually less, given that they are usually younger patients with less comorbidities, as observed in our series. Although there are patients who are at risk and who are elderly (21,22). Therefore, the morbidity rate in our series was 16%, and three patients (25%) were over 70 years, as can be seen in table I.

In conclusion, we can say that acute LGIH originating in the small intestine should be considered a possible etiology when the digestive endoscopy does not locate the source of bleeding, with arteriography being a useful diagnostic technique for locating the bleeding lesion during the acute syndrome. Surgery is the definitive treatment, it confirms etiology, and rules out the presence of malignancy.

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Correspondence:
Antonio Ríos Zambudio.
Avda. de la Liberta, 208.
30007 Casillas, Murcia.
Fax: 968 369 716.
e-mail: ARZRIOS@teleline.es