Multifocal epithelioid glioblastoma mimicking cerebral metastasis: case report
Glioblastoma epiteloide multifocal simulando metástasis cerebrales. Presentación de un caso
J. Gasco*,**; B. Franklin*; G.N. Fuller***; P. Salinas* and S. Prabhu**
*Division of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston. Texas.
**Departments of Neurosurgery and
***Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
SUMMARY
Objective. Epithelioid glioblastoma is a rare morphologic subtype of glioblastoma that closely mimics metastatic carcinoma or metastatic melanoma histologically. All previous case reports of this unusual glioblastoma variant have been solitary lesions. We report here the first case to our knowledge of multifocal epithelioid glioblastoma mimicking cerebral metastasis.
Clinical presentation. A 67-year-old man with a prior history of mycosis fungoides, a common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, presented with memory loss and impaired peripheral vision. Two discrete brain lesions highly suspicious for metastases were identified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Intervention. The patient underwent two separate craniotomies; both lesions were successfully resected in toto with an excellent post-surgical outcome.
Conclusion. Epithelioid glioblastoma is one of the rarest morphologic subtypes of glioblastoma. Here we describe the first case to our knowledge of multifocal epithelioid glioblastoma that convincingly mimicked a secondary metastatic process. Multifocal epithelioid glioblastoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients who present with multiple discrete brain lesions. An attempt at gross total resection is recommended when anatomically feasible for definitive histopathological diagnosis and to improve progression free survival of patients who present with similarly ambiguous and potentially misleading multiple lesions.
Key words: Epithelioid glioblastoma. Immunohistochemistry. Neoplasm. Metastasis.
RESUMEN
]]> Objetivo. El glioblastoma epiteloide es un subtipo morfológico poco común del glioblastoma que puede imitar al carcinoma o melanoma metastásico histológicamente. Todos los casos reportados de esta variante inusual de glioblastoma han sido lesiones solitarias. Presentamos el primer caso de glioblastoma multifocal epiteloide imitando metástasis cerebral.Palabras clave: Glioblastoma epiteloide. Inmunohistoquímica. Neoplasia. Metástasis.
Introduction
Epithelioid glioblastoma is a rare morphological subtype of glioblastoma5,8,15,16. It has not yet been formally codified in the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System9. This glioblastoma variant can cause diagnostic confusion on several levels, including on preoperative imaging evaluation and on histopathologic examination. It closely mimics metastatic epithelioid carcinoma or amelanotic metastatic melanoma histologically. On imaging studies, many examples are superficial and well-circumscribed, mimicking metastatic carcinoma or meningioma. The potential for misinterpretation of the imaging studies and the histopathology is even more likely when this high-grade glioma presents as multifocal disease.
Case report
]]> A 67-year-old, right-handed man with a past medical history significant for mycosis fungoides, a form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, was referred to the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center after presenting with acute onset memory loss, difficulty finding words, and impaired peripheral vision. The patient denied any associated seizure activity or confusion. Initial brain computed tomography (CT) and MRI scans revealed two discrete brain lesions - one dominant lesion located in the left temporal lobe, and a second smaller lesion located in the left occipital lobe (Fig 1A and 1B). The neurological examination was significant for speech hesitancy, suggestive of a mild expressive aphasia, and right-sided homonymous hemianopsia on visual field testing. No other focal neurological deficits were apparent. An extensive metastatic workup failed to reveal evidence of systemic malignancy.
Figure 1. A: preoperative gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted axial MRI scan revealing a dominant
lesion located in the left temporal lobe, demonstrating ring enhancement. B: preoperative
gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted axial MRI scan revealing a second smaller lesion located
in the left occipital lobe, also demonstrating ring enhancement.
As an adjunct to definitive therapy, the patient received high-dose dexamethasone and experienced marked improvement of his symptoms. Two ipsilateral craniotomies were performed in a single intervention assisted by neuronavigation and ultrasonography. Intraoperatively, both lesions appeared well circumscribed and gross total resection of both was successfully achieved.
Histopathological examination revealed a high-grade epithelioid neoplasm comprised of variably-sized cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, rounded cell contours without fibrillary cytoplasmic processes, and nuclei that frequently displayed prominent single macronucleoli (Fig. 2A). The morphologic features were compatible with either metastatic epithelioid carcinoma or metastatic amelanotic melanoma. Subsequent immunohistochemical studies revealed lack of reactivity for both carcinoma markers (cytokeratins) and melanoma markers (HMB-45). Based on these negative results for metastatic neoplasm, additional immunohistochemical studies were then performed, which revealed strong cytoplasmic positivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; Fig. 2B) and S-100 protein. The morphologic features combined with the immunophenotypic profile confirmed a histopathologic diagnosis of epithelioid glioblastoma, and, in conjunction with the preoperative imaging studies, a clinical diagnosis of multifocal epithelioid glioblastoma was rendered.
Figure 2. A: Histologic section demonstrating a high-grade ]]>
epithelioid neoplasm (H&E, x40). B: Histologic section in
higher magnification (H&E, x400). C: Histiologic section
showing strong cytoplasmic positivity for GFAP in a subset
of tumor cells, confirming a diagnosis of epithelioid glioblastoma
(GFAP immunoperoxidase with hematoxylin counterstain, x400).
Figure 3. MRI T2-FLAIR image demonstrating hyperintense
signal changes connecting the left temporal and left occipital lesions.
]]> The patient had an uncomplicated postoperative course and was discharged from the hospital on postoperative day three without any neurological deficits. Postoperative MR imaging confirmed resection of the two contrast-enhancing lesions. The patient received adjuvant chemotherapy with low-dose temozolomide. Sixty Gray (Gy) in 30 fractions of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) was delivered to the resection cavity; and 48 Gy in equivalent fractions was delivered to the surrounding brain parenchyma.
Discussion
Glioblastoma is remarkable for the diversity of morphological appearances that the constituent tumor cells can assume. In some tumors, a distinctive cell type may predominate, comprising 50% or more of the tumor. Two of the more common examples are small cell glioblastoma and giant cell glioblastoma9. Rarer forms include granular cell glioblastoma17, rhabdoid glioblastoma6, and signet-ring cell glioblastoma10. Of the various morphologic patterns that may be seen, epithelial differentiation is among the rarest, accounting for only 1.6% of all glioblastoma cases in one large series15. The various forms of epithelial differentiation in glioblastoma can be divided into pseudoepithelial patterns (adenoid and epithelioid) and true epithelial differentiation15. True epithelial differentiation is characterized not only by epithelial morphology but also by the expression of tissue-specific epithelial markers, such as epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), low-molecular weight keratins (e.g., CAM5.2), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). In contrast, pseudoepithelial differentiation consists only of epithelial-like morphology, without expression of specific epithelial antigens; rather, the tumor cells forming the epithelial-like structures are usually at least partially reactive for glial markers (GFAP and S-100 protein). It should be noted in passing that cross-reactivity to broad spectrum cytokeratins, in particular cytokeratins AE1/AE3, is frequently seen in glioblastoma in general regardless of morphologic subtype and this well-recognized phenomenon does not constitute evidence of epithelial differentiation13.
True epithelial differentiation can assume the form of either squamous cell nests or glandular nests11,15. Pseudoepithelial differentiation has two different forms: adenoid, with cohesive cell clusters arranged in cords, nests and/or a cribriform pattern, and epithelioid, in which the tumor cells are relatively large, round, have copious amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm, generally lack cytoplasmic processes or are very process-poor, and often display large nuclei with single prominent nucleoli1,4,5,8,12,15. Of these three major types of epithelial morphology, adenoid is the most common, followed by true epithelial differentiation, and with epithelioid glioblastoma being the rarest15. Sarcomatous metaplasia (gliosarcoma) is commonly seen in association with epithelial morphology, especially in adenoid glioblastoma, in which it is present in over 50% of cases15.
All forms of pseudoepithelial and true epithelial differentiation can be mistaken for metastatic carcinoma. Because the adenoid and true epithelial differentiation forms also typically have a more typical glial component, they may be mistaken for either a tumor-to-tumor metastasis or a collision tumor12. Epithelioid glioblastoma, in contrast, can be mistaken for metastatic epithelioid carcinoma or for metastatic amelanotic melanoma5. Some examples of epithelioid glioblastoma exhibit variable degrees of cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles, with this change prominently affecting a majority of tumor cells in about 10% of cases; such tumors have been referred to as "lipidized epithelioid glioblastoma"15,16. Preliminary molecular genetic characterization of the three forms of glioblastoma with epithelial morphology has been performed15. The results show that most alterations are similar to those found in glioblastoma in general. Among the three forms, epithelioid glioblastoma is notable for the high percentage of cases exhibiting EGFR gene amplification (50%) and strong EGFR immunopositivity (63%), compared to only 20% of adenoid glioblastomas and glioblastomas with true epithelial differentiation15.
The occurrence of multiple foci of glioblastoma has long been recognized and such instances have traditionally been categorized as either multifocal or multicentric, with multifocal glioblastoma exhibiting an obvious pathway of spread, such as through commissural pathways like the corpus callosum, fornix or massa intermedia, or by dissemination via the cerebrospinal pathways, and multicentric glioblastoma comprising truly independent, separate foci of gliomagenesis2,3. Multifocal glioblastoma is monoclonal in origin, whereas multicentric glioblastoma would be postulated to arise from two separate clones. In practice, the imaging demonstration of a direct connection between two glioma epicenters in the form of T2-weighted or T2-FLAIR signal hyperintensity, as is seen in the present case, is taken as presumptive evidence of direct contiguous spread between the foci, and such cases are considered to be multifocal glioblastoma even in the absence of histologic or molecular genetic confirmation.
The diagnostic pitfall of multifocal or multicentric glioblastoma mimicking metastatic disease is well recognized3,14. This potential for misinterpretation is even more likely for epithelioid glioblastoma because of its tendency to be relatively well-circumscribed and superficially located in the vicinity of the gray-white matter junction. In the present case, the patient's history of mycosis fungoides posed an additional complicating factor as mycosis fungoides involvement of the brain, although rare, is very well recognized7,18.
Conclusion
]]> Epithelioid glioblastoma is a very rare, but well documented, entity. Here we describe a case of multifocal epithelioid glioblastoma that convincingly mimicked a secondary metastatic process both on preoperative imaging studies and on histopathology. Multifocal epithelioid glioblastoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all patients who present with multiple brain lesions, even in the presence of a known primary systemic malignancy. An attempt at gross total resection is recommended for definitive histopathologic diagnosis and to improve progression free survival of patients presenting with similarly ambiguous and potentially misleading multiple lesions.
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Correspondence:
Jaime Gasco, MD.
The University of Texas Medical Branch. Division of Neurosurgery.
301 University Boulevard. Galveston, Texas 77555- 0517
Email: jagascot@utmb.edu
Recibido: 1-11-08.
Aceptado: 26-08-09