<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1130-5274</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Clínica y Salud]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Clínica y Salud]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1130-5274</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Madrid]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1130-52742016000200004</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.clysa.2016.03.002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Retos en el desarrollo de intervenciones psicológicas y la práctica asistencial en salud mental]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Challenges in the development of psychological interventions and care practice in mental health]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tortella-Feliu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miquel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carmelo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valiente]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carmen]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Soledad]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joaquim]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A05"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montorio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ignacio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A06"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez-Murcia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A07"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hervás]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gonzalo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Palacios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Azucena]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Campayo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A08"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández-Aranda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A07"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Botella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cristina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A05"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrantes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Neus]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A09"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baños]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rosa M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A10"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Red de Excelencia Investigación en procesos mecanismos y tratamientos para la promocióno de la Salud Mental- PROMOSAN  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universitat de les Illes Balears  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Complutense de Madrid  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universitat Jaume I  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A06">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A07">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A08">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Zaragoza  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Zaragoza ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A09">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A10">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universitat de València  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[València ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>65</fpage>
<lpage>71</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1130-52742016000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1130-52742016000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1130-52742016000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Aunque hemos avanzado notablemente en el desarrollo de recursos preventivos y especialmente, en la eficacia de los tratamientos psicológicos que intentan paliar los trastornos mentales, estamos aún lejos de la situación óptima. Este trabajo se centra en dos grandes cuestiones que consideramos retos y necesidades fundamentales en este ámbito: (a) la necesidad de mejorar y extender la prevención, la intervención temprana y la promoción de la salud mental y (b) la necesidad de una mayor divulgación de los tratamientos psicológicos eficaces, el desarrollo de nuevas intervenciones y la mayor comprensión de los mecanismos de acción de los tratamientos psicológicos. El objetivo es promover la discusión entre los agentes implicados y reflexionar sobre las líneas de trabajo que creemos prioritarias.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Although we have made significant progress in the development of preventive tools and especially in the efficacy of the psychological treatments, we are still far from an optimal situation. This paper focuses on two major issues which we consider fundamental challenges and urges in this area: (a) the need for improving and spreading prevention, early intervention, and the promotion of mental health and (b) the need for greater dissemination of effective psychological treatments, the development of new interventions and greater understanding of the mechanisms of action of psychological treatments. The aim is to promote discussion among all stakeholders and debate on those lines we think as priority.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Salud mental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Tratamientos psicológicos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Prevención]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Investigación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mental health]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Psychological treatments]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Prevention]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Research]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p><a name="top"></a>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="4"><b>Retos en el desarrollo de intervenciones psicol&oacute;gicas y la pr&aacute;ctica asistencial en salud mental</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="4"><b>Challenges in the development of psychological interventions and care practice in mental health</b></font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Miquel Tortella-Feliu<sup>a, b</sup>, Carmelo V&aacute;zquez<sup>a, c</sup>, Carmen Valiente<sup>a, c</sup>, Soledad Quero<sup>a, d</sup>, Joaquim Soler<sup>a, e</sup>, Ignacio Montorio<sup>a, f</sup>, Susana Jim&eacute;nez-Murcia<sup>a, g</sup>, Gonzalo Herv&aacute;s<sup>a, c</sup>, Azucena Garc&iacute;a-Palacios<sup>a, d</sup>, Javier Garc&iacute;a-Campayo<sup>a, h</sup>, Fernando Fern&aacute;ndez-Aranda<sup>a, g</sup>, Cristina Botella<sup>a, e</sup>, Neus Barrantes<sup>a, i</sup> y Rosa M. Ba&ntilde;os<sup>a, j</sup></b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><sup>a</sup> Red de Excelencia "Investigaci&oacute;n en procesos mecanismos y tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos para la promoci&oacute;n de la salud mental" - PROMOSAM (PSI2014-56303-REDT), Espa&ntilde;a    <br><sup>b</sup> Universitat de les Illes Balears, Espa&ntilde;a    <br><sup>c</sup> Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Espa&ntilde;a    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br><sup>d</sup> Universitat Jaume I, Espa&ntilde;a    <br><sup>e</sup> Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Espa&ntilde;a    <br><sup>f</sup> Universidad Aut&oacute;noma de Madrid, Espa&ntilde;a    <br><sup>g</sup> Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (IBIDELL), Espa&ntilde;a    <br><sup>h</sup> Universidad de Zaragoza, Espa&ntilde;a    <br><sup>i</sup> Universitat Aut&ograve;noma de Barcelona, Espa&ntilde;a    <br><sup>j</sup> Universitat de Val&egrave;ncia, Espa&ntilde;a</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el Ministerio Espa&ntilde;ol de Econom&iacute;a y Competitividad (MINECO), a trav&eacute;s de la Red de Excelencia PROMOSAM financiada por el MINECO (PSI2014-56303-REDT).</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="#bajo">Direcci&oacute;n para correspondencia</a></font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p> <hr size="1">     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>RESUMEN</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Aunque hemos avanzado notablemente en el desarrollo de recursos preventivos y especialmente, en la eficacia de los tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos que intentan paliar los trastornos mentales, estamos a&uacute;n lejos de la situaci&oacute;n &oacute;ptima. Este trabajo se centra en dos grandes cuestiones que consideramos retos y necesidades fundamentales en este &aacute;mbito: (a) la necesidad de mejorar y extender la prevenci&oacute;n, la intervenci&oacute;n temprana y la promoci&oacute;n de la salud mental y (b) la necesidad de una mayor divulgaci&oacute;n de los tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos eficaces, el desarrollo de nuevas intervenciones y la mayor comprensi&oacute;n de los mecanismos de acci&oacute;n de los tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos. El objetivo es promover la discusi&oacute;n entre los agentes implicados y reflexionar sobre las l&iacute;neas de trabajo que creemos prioritarias.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave:</b> Salud mental. Tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos. Prevenci&oacute;n. Investigaci&oacute;n.</font></p> <hr size="1">     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>ABSTRACT</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Although we have made significant progress in the development of preventive tools and especially in the efficacy of the psychological treatments, we are still far from an optimal situation. This paper focuses on two major issues which we consider fundamental challenges and urges in this area: (a) the need for improving and spreading prevention, early intervention, and the promotion of mental health and (b) the need for greater dissemination of effective psychological treatments, the development of new interventions and greater understanding of the mechanisms of action of psychological treatments. The aim is to promote discussion among all stakeholders and debate on those lines we think as priority.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Key words:</b> Mental health. Psychological treatments. Prevention. Research.</font></p> <hr size="1">     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">La presencia de trastornos mentales est&aacute; alcanzando cifras alarmantes. Por ello desde muy diferentes &aacute;mbitos se pone de manifiesto la necesidad de promover la investigaci&oacute;n en este &aacute;mbito, ya que la salud mental es una de las &aacute;reas m&aacute;s desatendidas en el campo de la salud. En un art&iacute;culo previo (Tortella-Feliu et al., 2016) hemos tratado de subrayar que la mejora en la comprensi&oacute;n de los factores relacionados con la emergencia y mantenimiento de las alteraciones psicopat&oacute;logicas y los determinantes del bienestar psicol&oacute;gico es esencial para el avance en la atenci&oacute;n en salud mental, en tanto que los modelos psicopatol&oacute;gicos son el trasfondo te&oacute;rico y conceptual de las intervenciones psicol&oacute;gicas. Ahora pretendemos esbozar cu&aacute;les creemos que deber&iacute;an ser los focos de inter&eacute;s principales en la investigaci&oacute;n y la pr&aacute;ctica asistencial en el &aacute;mbito de los tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos. Si bien es cierto que en los &uacute;ltimos decenios se ha avanzado mucho en la disponibilidad de tratamientos (Whiteford et al., 2013), tambi&eacute;n lo es que el avance no ha sido suficiente y que urgen soluciones (Kingdon, 2013). En este trabajo nos centraremos en primer lugar en la prevenci&oacute;n de los trastornos mentales y en la intervenci&oacute;n temprana as&iacute; como en la promoci&oacute;n del bienestar psicol&oacute;gico y en segundo lugar en la divulgaci&oacute;n, desarrollo y comprensi&oacute;n de los mecanismos de acci&oacute;n de los tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos.</font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Prevenci&oacute;n, intervenci&oacute;n temprana y promoci&oacute;n del bienestar psicol&oacute;gico</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Aunque los programas preventivos en el &aacute;mbito de la salud han demostrado su eficacia en la reducci&oacute;n de muchas enfermedades f&iacute;sicas, de los da&ntilde;os que se les asocian y de la mortalidad producidas por ellas, poco se ha hecho en la prevenci&oacute;n de los trastornos mentales y aunque hayan ido ganando influencia (ej.: Essau, Conradt, Sasagawa y Ollendick, 2012) sigue estando en su infancia la investigaci&oacute;n en esta &aacute;rea y sigue siendo escasa la extensi&oacute;n de dichos programas a la poblaci&oacute;n general.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Desgraciadamente, la prevenci&oacute;n tal y como se planteaba en la psicolog&iacute;a comunitaria de los 70, aunque constitu&iacute;a su <i>alma mater</i>, no dio de s&iacute; todo lo que se esperaba y fue perdiendo terreno paulatinamente. Sin embargo, muchos de sus principios b&aacute;sicos siguen estando tan vigentes como cuando se enunciaron. El inter&eacute;s por hacer llegar la pr&aacute;ctica psicol&oacute;gica a un mayor segmento de la poblaci&oacute;n, el intento de superaci&oacute;n de los binomios da&ntilde;o-cura y sano-enfermo, el &eacute;nfasis en ayudar a generar y activar recursos y promover fortalezas a los ciudadanos, la promoci&oacute;n de la educaci&oacute;n y la defensa radical de la prevenci&oacute;n quedan bien reflejados en la idea de prestar m&aacute;s atenci&oacute;n a los factores "salutog&eacute;nicos" que promueven la resistencia de los individuos frente a las dificultades de la vida (Avia y V&aacute;zquez, 2011).</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Son muchas las voces que claman que la &uacute;nica v&iacute;a para reducir de forma sustancial los costes relacionados con la alta prevalencia y las consecuencias perniciosas de los trastornos mentales es la mejora y extensi&oacute;n de las intervenciones de car&aacute;cter preventivo (ej.: Jacka et al., 2013). La edad de incidencia del 70% de los trastornos mentales en su conjunto es inferior a 25 a&ntilde;os, por lo que se debe atender mucho m&aacute;s de lo que se hace en la actualidad a la prevenci&oacute;n en j&oacute;venes. Adem&aacute;s, algunos de estos problemas, junto con la exposici&oacute;n a la adversidad en la infancia, si no se interviene a tiempo o se previenen eficazmente tienden a cronificarse, a hacerse recurrentes o a ser un factor de riesgo de otras alteraciones (Pechtell y Pizzagally, 2011), adem&aacute;s de vincularse a otros problemas, como el bajo rendimiento escolar o una inadecuada inserci&oacute;n social (ej.: Beesdo, Knappe y Pine, 2009 para una revisi&oacute;n). Una especial protecci&oacute;n a este grupo de poblaci&oacute;n constituir&iacute;a una acci&oacute;n preventiva eficaz de salud, sin que ello sea &oacute;bice para que no se dirija tambi&eacute;n a otros momentos evolutivos cruciales, especialmente la vejez (ej.: Chase, 2013; Conwell, 2014).</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">No obstante, la prevenci&oacute;n no debe limitarse a la actuaci&oacute;n sobre los potenciales factores de riesgo sino tambi&eacute;n a la promoci&oacute;n de fortalezas y resiliencia que sirven como factores protectores ante el posible desarrollo de los trastornos mentales (Davis y Suveg, 2014; V&aacute;zquez y Herv&aacute;s, 2009) y que juegan un papel importante en la promoci&oacute;n de la salud mental (no s&oacute;lo de la ausencia de enfermedad). Las herramientas conceptuales y de medida que ha comenzado a aportar la psicolog&iacute;a positiva nos permiten operativizar por fin de un modo m&aacute;s contundente la vieja idea de entender la salud mental como el desarrollo &oacute;ptimo de las capacidades de los individuos y de las comunidades. La idea de promover fortalezas psicol&oacute;gicas (Peterson y Seligman, 2004) y de poder definir y evaluar el bienestar psicol&oacute;gico con una perspectiva s&oacute;lida (Herv&aacute;s y V&aacute;zquez, 2013) puede ayudar a superar la insuficiencia de los modelos tradicionales de salud-enfermedad que tienen un buen modelo de pol&iacute;ticas p&uacute;blicas, como el programa Nacional de Salud Mental "Equal Minds" del gobierno escoc&eacute;s (Myers, McCollam y Woodhouse, 2005), con la resiliencia como idea vertebradora del plan.</font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Los tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Por lo que respecta a los tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos, partiremos de las dos dificultades m&aacute;s importantes con las que en nuestra opini&oacute;n nos encontramos: la escasa extensi&oacute;n de los tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos eficaces en la pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica cotidiana y el estancamiento de los resultados que se alcanzan con los tratamientos disponibles hasta el momento.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><i>Escasa extensi&oacute;n de los tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos eficaces</i></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Aunque existen evidencias consistentes y abundantes sobre la eficacia de diversos tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos para diferentes trastornos mentales, y en bastantes casos con la consideraci&oacute;n de tratamientos de primera l&iacute;nea, se ha constatado que tanto en Estados Unidos (ej.: Insel, 2009) como en Europa (ej.: Clark, 2011), incluida Espa&ntilde;a (Fern&aacute;ndez et al., 2006; Roca et al., 2009), este tipo de intervenciones est&aacute;n infrautilizadas. La cuesti&oacute;n es especialmente problem&aacute;tica a la vista de que un porcentaje muy elevado de pacientes no reciben el tratamiento m&aacute;s adecuado para su problema, con lo que todo ello acarrea, y no &uacute;nicamente en cuando a sufrimiento y costes econ&oacute;micos y sociales sino tambi&eacute;n &eacute;ticamente. ¿Cu&aacute;les pueden ser las razones para que eso ocurra?</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<blockquote>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">a. Podr&iacute;a suceder que los tratamientos que no han mostrado eficacia en estudios controlados no resultaran despu&eacute;s efectivos en la pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica cotidiana. Sin embargo, la evidencia parece se&ntilde;alar que esto no es as&iacute; y que los niveles de efectividad se equiparan a los de eficacia en la mayor&iacute;a de indicadores (ej.: Cahill, Barkham y Stiles, 2010). En cualquier caso, es necesario insistir en la realizaci&oacute;n de estudios de eficacia y eficiencia en el &aacute;mbito de la pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica cotidiana en nuestro contexto sanitario.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">b. Otra raz&oacute;n podr&iacute;a residir en las pol&iacute;ticas de divulgaci&oacute;n escasas y/o poco adecuadas. Es probable que el conocimiento sobre esos tratamientos "eficaces" y su verdadera utilidad cl&iacute;nica no llegue, al menos adecuadamente, a los interesados. Por ejemplo, despu&eacute;s de analizar el relativo fracaso de las iniciativas tomadas hasta el momento en los Estados Unidos, Santucci, McHugh y Barlow (2012) abogan por la utilizaci&oacute;n de estrategias de divulgaci&oacute;n directas a los pacientes y no tanto, o no &uacute;nicamente, a los profesionales.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">c. Ese desconocimiento al que nos hemos referido en el punto anterior quiz&aacute; tenga un puntal en la formaci&oacute;n insuficiente de los estudiantes y profesionales en el modelo de los tratamientos con apoyo en la investigaci&oacute;n y en el escaso conocimiento tanto conceptual como procedimental referido a esos tratamientos (Insel, 2009). Es por tanto necesario abordar de un modo amplio, cr&iacute;tico y responsable el tema de la formaci&oacute;n de los profesionales sanitarios.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">d. Podr&iacute;a tambi&eacute;n tratarse, como han apuntado algunos estudios, de la existencia de ciertas creencias de los propios cl&iacute;nicos no muy bien fundamentadas (Lilienfeld, Ritschel, Lynn, Cautin y Latzman, 2013). Tales creencias podr&iacute;an agruparse en dos tipos. Por una parte, el rechazo a la concepci&oacute;n misma del movimiento de los tratamientos con apoyo emp&iacute;rico, tanto en los profesionales como en los estudiantes. Dicho rechazo suele asociarse directamente a reservas metodol&oacute;gicas (ej.: la cuantificaci&oacute;n en psicolog&iacute;a, la naturaleza de los estudios controlados, etc.), a planteamientos contrarios a admitir el uso de categor&iacute;as diagn&oacute;sticas o, m&aacute;s en general, a cualquier otro tipo de asunci&oacute;n nomot&eacute;tica o sustentarse en la idea de que ese modelo aboca a una excesiva tecnificaci&oacute;n de las intervenciones, asoci&aacute;ndola con una supuesta p&eacute;rdida de individualizaci&oacute;n de los tratamientos y relegaci&oacute;n del juicio cl&iacute;nico, desatendiendo los aspectos realmente importantes de la intervenci&oacute;n, que son los del proceso y la relaci&oacute;n terap&eacute;utica (v&eacute;ase, por ejemplo Castelnuovo, 2010 para un cr&iacute;tica desde esos posicionamientos o Wilson, 1996 para una revisi&oacute;n sistem&aacute;tica). Por otra parte, algunas de esas creencias podr&iacute;an ser mucho m&aacute;s espec&iacute;ficas y estar focalizadas en recelos hacia determinadas estrategias de intervenci&oacute;n, no tanto por cuestiones de &iacute;ndole t&eacute;cnico-cient&iacute;fica, sino m&aacute;s bien por ciertas caracter&iacute;sticas personales de los mismos cl&iacute;nicos (v&eacute;anse las reflexiones de Meyer, Farrell, Kemp, Blakey y Deacon, 2014 sobre la no utilizaci&oacute;n de las t&eacute;cnicas de exposici&oacute;n cuando ser&iacute;a pertinente utilizarlas), y/o en concepciones m&aacute;s bien equivocadas, al menos a la luz de los conocimientos actuales sobre cu&aacute;les son los determinantes de los trastornos psicopatol&oacute;gicos (ej.: Ahn, Proctor y Flanagan, 2009; Lilienfeld et al., 2013).</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Si bien la actitud de rechazo a la fundamentaci&oacute;n emp&iacute;rica de los tratamientos puede suponer un freno al progreso y aprovechamiento de los recursos existentes, es tambi&eacute;n necesario subrayar que algunas de las reservas aqu&iacute; recogidas derivan de la existencia real de lagunas en un &aacute;mbito de m&aacute;xima complejidad como el nuestro (ej.: la operacionalizaci&oacute;n y medida de ciertas variables (inter)subjetivas y de procesos relacionales) y de que los cambios pendulares de la historia han marginado el estudio acad&eacute;mico de algunos constructos e hip&oacute;tesis psicol&oacute;gicas, haciendo dif&iacute;cil el estudio emp&iacute;rico de su validez y resultados cl&iacute;nicos. Por otro lado, tampoco debemos olvidar que en algunas ocasiones la resistencia a usar tratamientos con apoyo emp&iacute;rico o la evaluaci&oacute;n de los usuarios de los servicios pueden obedecer a una cierta inercia en algunos profesionales a no rendir cuentas y a una mal entendida "libertad de c&aacute;tedra o terap&eacute;utica". Entendemos que el requerimiento de evaluar las intervenciones se funda tambi&eacute;n en una exigencia &eacute;tica y pol&iacute;tica, adem&aacute;s de cient&iacute;fica (Layard y Clark, 2014; Lilienfeld et al., 2013).</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">e. Las creencias de los pacientes tambi&eacute;n podr&iacute;an tener algo que ver con la escasa diseminaci&oacute;n de los tratamientos eficaces. Se ha indicado que la falta de conocimiento que tiene la poblaci&oacute;n general acerca de la salud mental y los trastornos psicol&oacute;gicos puede ser una de las barreras para la adecuada implementaci&oacute;n de los tratamientos de base emp&iacute;rica cuando estos no se corresponden con sus creencias impl&iacute;citas (Jorm, 2000). Alg&uacute;n estudio tambi&eacute;n ha se&ntilde;alado que entre los pacientes est&aacute;n extendidas ideas no del todo acertadas sobre cu&aacute;les son los tratamientos m&aacute;s adecuados para diversos trastornos mentales (Prins, Verhaak, Bensing y van der Meer 2008). Jorm (2000) apunta a la necesidad de un mayor conocimiento de los ciudadanos en temas de salud mental para que puedan promoverse actuaciones adecuadas de prevenci&oacute;n, intervenci&oacute;n temprana, autoayuda y ayuda a las personas con potenciales problemas psicopatol&oacute;gicos. Un asunto todav&iacute;a de mayor calado es si algunas creencias expl&iacute;citas o impl&iacute;citas de los pacientes y profesionales (ej.: la idea de que los problemas mentales son enfermedades irrecuperables) pueden conllevar ciertas desventajas con respecto a los procesos de recuperaci&oacute;n y obviamente aumentar la estigmatizaci&oacute;n de las personas (Kinderman, 2014). Debido a que se ha se&ntilde;alado que estigma y autoestigma son indicadores importantes de la recuperaci&oacute;n de los trastornos mentales graves y que dicha estigmatizaci&oacute;n puede afectar a las personas a trav&eacute;s de distintos mecanismos como la autoestima, la cognici&oacute;n social u otros (Link, Struening, Neese-Todd, Asmussen y Phelan, 2011), es importante identificar exactamente cu&aacute;les son esos mecanismos para que se puedan desarrollar intervenciones eficaces que contemplen su papel mediador.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Otro factor de variabilidad individual, al margen de las creencias, es la disposici&oacute;n motivacional en la que se encuentra el paciente y si el tratamiento que ofrecemos se ajusta o no a ella (DiClemente, Schlundt y Gemmell, 2004). En este sentido, hay que evitar dispensar tratamientos "caf&eacute; para todos", que a pesar de ser activos y basados en la evidencia no tienen por qu&eacute; adecuarse al estado motivacional del paciente, desajuste que puede acabar en un prematuro abandono de la terapia (ej.: Soler et al., 2008).</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">f. Por &uacute;ltimo, el hecho de que no todos los pacientes reciban la intervenci&oacute;n m&aacute;s ajustada a sus problemas puede deberse a que esos tratamientos no se encuentren disponibles en los servicios asistenciales a su alcance por cuestiones puramente administrativas. En este sentido, los tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos eficaces dif&iacute;cilmente podr&aacute;n llegar la mayor&iacute;a de la poblaci&oacute;n que pueda necesitarlos si el n&uacute;mero de profesionales sanitarios en la red asistencial, b&aacute;sicamente psic&oacute;logos cl&iacute;nicos, es escaso, como sucede actualmente en nuestro pa&iacute;s, o no han tenido la oportunidad de recibir el entrenamiento adecuado para poder aplicar algunos de esos tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos eficaces. De hecho, en el Reino Unido (Department of Health, 2008) se entendi&oacute; que ese era uno de los motivos cruciales por los cuales los tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos adecuados no llegaban a la mayor&iacute;a de la poblaci&oacute;n, lo que motiv&oacute; la puesta marcha de una iniciativa de largo alcance (Improving Access to Psychological Treatments, IAPT) que incluye como uno de sus puntos centrales la formaci&oacute;n especializada intensiva en dichos procedimientos de intervenci&oacute;n de un gran n&uacute;mero de profesionales sanitarios.</font></p> </blockquote>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">M&aacute;s all&aacute; de eso, la idea muy extendida de que todo tipo de tratamiento psicol&oacute;gico requiere de una relaci&oacute;n terap&eacute;utica directa (cara a cara) con un cl&iacute;nico durante un periodo de tiempo relativamente largo puede actuar de freno para que los tratamientos lleguen a quien tienen que llegar, atendiendo a los elevados costes que suponen. Este tipo de tratamientos de alta intensidad, que sin duda son totalmente necesarios para algunos trastornos y tambi&eacute;n para otros con presentaciones m&aacute;s severas, no siempre son m&aacute;s eficaces-incluso son mucho menos eficaces a menudo-que otro tipo de <i>intervenciones de baja intensidad</i> (ej.: psicoeducativas, autoayuda guiada, e-salud y m-salud, etc.) para determinado tipo de alteraciones psicopatol&oacute;gicas (Kazdin y Rabbitt, 2013). Este planteamiento, conocido como aproximaci&oacute;n escalonada al tratamiento (es decir, que la persona reciba en primera instancia el tratamiento que sea menos intensivo de entre los apropiados para su trastorno y que &uacute;nicamente se avance hacia niveles de intervenci&oacute;n m&aacute;s intensivos en funci&oacute;n de la gravedad del trastorno o del fracaso ante tratamientos previos), gu&iacute;a de alguna de las iniciativas m&aacute;s destacadas y eficaces en este &aacute;mbito (NICE, 2011), bien podr&iacute;a facilitar el acceso mucho m&aacute;s generalizado a los tratamientos eficaces. En este contexto tambi&eacute;n es importante se&ntilde;alar en qu&eacute; dispositivo recibe el paciente el tratamiento. En nuestro sistema de salud, el tratamiento psicol&oacute;gico se ofrece en atenci&oacute;n especializada, aunque los datos indiquen que pese a que la prevalencia de problemas mentales en atenci&oacute;n primaria sea elevada (Roca et al., 2009) los m&eacute;dicos de familia solo derivan entre un 5-10% de la patolog&iacute;a psiqui&aacute;trica que detectan a los servicios especializados en salud mental (Ag&uuml;era, Reneses y Mu&ntilde;oz, 1996), entre otras razones porque esos servicios est&aacute;n colapsados. La consecuencia es que un n&uacute;mero importante de pacientes con problemas mentales son atendidos en atenci&oacute;n primaria por el m&eacute;dico de familia, que es quien t&iacute;picamente administra los f&aacute;rmacos, por lo que los pacientes no reciben los tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos que, en muchas ocasiones, ser&iacute;an los m&aacute;s recomendables. Pese a que ya existan iniciativas en este sentido, como la que viene realizando la red IAPP en nuestro pa&iacute;s (www.rediapp.org), que muestran por ejemplo la eficacia de los tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos administrados en atenci&oacute;n primaria (Herrera-Mercadal et al., 2015), ser&iacute;a importante llevar a cabo una reflexi&oacute;n a distintos niveles (cient&iacute;fico, asistencial y pol&iacute;tico) sobre la necesidad de incluir profesionales y protocolos de intervenci&oacute;n psicol&oacute;gica en los servicios de atenci&oacute;n primaria (Latorre et al., 2012).</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Es de destacar aqu&iacute; el avance que est&aacute; suponiendo la concepci&oacute;n de e-salud y m-salud en la dispensaci&oacute;n de servicios sanitarios. Sin embargo, en el caso de la salud mental, a pesar del enorme potencial de las tecnolog&iacute;as para la dispensaci&oacute;n de intervenciones psicol&oacute;gicas (ej.: Cuijpers, Marks, van Straten, Cavanagh y Andersson, 2009), la implementaci&oacute;n de herramientas tecnol&oacute;gicas para la dispensaci&oacute;n de tratamientos tiene muchas barreras en nuestro pa&iacute;s, tanto administrativas como econ&oacute;micas, por parte de los cl&iacute;nicos y de los pacientes (Garc&iacute;a-Campayo, Cebolla y Ba&ntilde;os, 2014).</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><i>El "par&oacute;n terap&eacute;utico" de los tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos</i></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">A pesar de que exista un n&uacute;mero considerable de tratamientos eficaces para diversos trastornos mentales, parece que se ha llegado a un momento de "par&oacute;n terap&eacute;utico" (McNally, 2007), ya que no se ha conseguido aumentar en a&ntilde;os el nivel de eficacia de los tratamientos ya existentes, ni ello se ha alcanzado con los nuevos tratamientos que han ido apareciendo (a menudo solo se trataba de simples nombres nuevos para t&eacute;cnicas ya conocidas o combinaciones de ellas). Por ello, parece pertinente que la investigaci&oacute;n y el desarrollo tecnol&oacute;gico aborden una serie de aspectos que potencialmente puedan sacarnos de ese <i>par&oacute;n</i> terap&eacute;utico, ya sea aumentando la eficacia de las intervenciones psicol&oacute;gicas en aquellos &aacute;mbitos donde su eficacia ya est&aacute; bien probada, como avanzando hacia intervenciones m&aacute;s coherentes en aquellos problemas en los que el resultado de los tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos no sea tan positivo como ser&iacute;a deseable. En este trabajo nos centraremos en cuatro posibles v&iacute;as no excluyentes que comentaremos a continuaci&oacute;n.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Para empezar hay que decir que adem&aacute;s de reducir las manifestaciones de cualquier trastorno mental las intervenciones tambi&eacute;n tendr&iacute;an que encaminarse a mejorar el estado de salud mental "positiva" de los pacientes. En el caso concreto de la depresi&oacute;n, mientras que la mayor&iacute;a de los pacientes definen la recuperaci&oacute;n como tener un buen estado mental (optimismo, confianza, ilusi&oacute;n, etc.) (Zimmerman et al., 2006), el modo de determinar que nuestras intervenciones han sido "eficaces" es mediante la reducci&oacute;n de los s&iacute;ntomas. Esta perspectiva positiva sobre el funcionamiento psicol&oacute;gico abre as&iacute; un nuevo panorama y nuevos retos para la psicolog&iacute;a y la psiquiatr&iacute;a (Jeste et al., 2015).</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Centr&eacute;monos ahora en esas cuatro posibles v&iacute;as a las que hemos hecho menci&oacute;n para favorecer el desarrollo de tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos m&aacute;s eficaces que los ahora disponibles.</font></p>     <blockquote>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">a. En primer lugar, profundizar en el an&aacute;lisis de los factores moderadores (diferencias individuales) y mediadores (factores sobre los que act&uacute;an las t&eacute;cnicas para llevarnos al resultado final) de las t&eacute;cnicas de intervenci&oacute;n psicol&oacute;gica (ej.: Dimidjian y Hollon, 2011; Holmes, Craske y Graybiel, 2014). Esto implica la promoci&oacute;n de estudios sobre predictores del resultado terap&eacute;utico y de los procesos/mecanismos de cambio antes que, o adem&aacute;s de, estudios m&aacute;s tradicionales sobre los resultados del tratamiento (eficacia). A nuestro entender, un objetivo prioritario e imprescindible ser&iacute;a por tanto llevar a cabo m&aacute;s investigaci&oacute;n para aumentar nuestro conocimiento sobre c&oacute;mo y en qu&eacute; medida los tratamientos inciden sobre los mecanismos psicol&oacute;gicos y neurol&oacute;gicos subyacentes a los problemas de salud mental y a los procesos asociados a la adaptaci&oacute;n. Probablemente haya un abuso inconsciente de "paquetes de intervenci&oacute;n" que no permiten determinar el peso espec&iacute;fico de sus principios activos (estrategia de desmantelamiento) ni las dosis requeridas (intensidad, frecuencia, etc.) de cada componente, adem&aacute;s de obviar el gran impacto ejercido por las diferencias individuales en variables disposicionales y situacionales. Hace falta seguir avanzando en el conocimiento de por qu&eacute; y para qui&eacute;n funciona una determinada intervenci&oacute;n. Los resultados muestran que se consiguen &iacute;ndices de &eacute;xito significativamente mayores cuando los pacientes reciben el tratamiento "&oacute;ptimo" para su caso concreto (DeRubeis et al., 2014).</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">b. Otra de las v&iacute;as que se ha ido apuntando tiene que ver con el desarrollo de nuevas aproximaciones al tratamiento que se dirijan a los procesos comunes a diferentes trastornos psicol&oacute;gicos espec&iacute;ficos, que se hayan aislado como especialmente relevantes en la instauraci&oacute;n o mantenimiento de dichas alteraciones (ej.: sesgos cognitivos en los trastornos emocionales o modos de procesamiento, como la rumiaci&oacute;n o recuerdos demasiado generales en problemas depresivos y de ansiedad). No obstante, estos intentos innovadores, muy atractivos por su gran calado te&oacute;rico, ya que intentan cambiar las emociones mediante intervenciones "directas" en procesos cognitivos, tienen una eficacia muy modesta, al menos con los procedimientos que se vienen utilizando hasta ahora (ej.: Cristea, Kok y Cuijpers, 2015; Duque, L&oacute;pez-G&oacute;mez, Blanco y V&aacute;zquez, 2015). Es tambi&eacute;n prometedora la creciente atenci&oacute;n que se presta al entrenamiento en <i>mindfulness</i> o conciencia plena y sobre todo a cu&aacute;les son los procesos y mecanismos a trav&eacute;s de los cuales este procedimiento opera sus cambios (Gu, Strauss, Bond y Cavanagh, 2015), en la l&iacute;nea de lo que se&ntilde;al&aacute;bamos en p&aacute;rrafos anteriores. En este sentido el grado de identificaci&oacute;n con los propios pensamientos, o descentramiento, ser&iacute;a una variable transdiagn&oacute;stica relevante en trastornos mentales de diversa &iacute;ndole y sensible a diferentes formas de tratamiento psicol&oacute;gico (Soler et al., 2014).</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">c. En estrecha relaci&oacute;n con la idea de que las dianas terap&eacute;uticas sean los procesos comunes a diversos trastornos psicol&oacute;gicos espec&iacute;ficos, diferentes autores defienden con fuerza que se trabaje en la traslaci&oacute;n de los conocimientos procedentes del &aacute;mbito de la neurociencia cognitivo-afectiva y comportamental al dise&ntilde;o de tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos m&aacute;s eficaces (ej.: Holmes et al., 2014), tambi&eacute;n para obtener mayor detalle de por qu&eacute; y c&oacute;mo funcionan los tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos a trav&eacute;s de los cambios operados en el funcionamiento cerebral y de otros potenciales biomarcadores.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">d. En una l&iacute;nea similar a lo se&ntilde;alado con respecto a las intervenciones sobre procesos transdiagn&oacute;sticos, la &uacute;ltima d&eacute;cada ha sido testigo de la aparici&oacute;n de diferentes protocolos transdiagn&oacute;sticos para el tratamiento de los trastornos de ansiedad y depresivos (ej.: Craske, 2012 para una revisi&oacute;n) y de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (ej.: Fairburn, Cooper y Shafran, 2003). Dichos protocolos, que sin duda ofrecen algunas ventajas importantes-balance entre planteamientos idiosincr&aacute;ticos y nomot&eacute;ticos, focalizaci&oacute;n en procesos transdiagn&oacute;sticos-, tambi&eacute;n pueden tener limitaciones (McManus, Shafran y Cooper, 2010), adem&aacute;s de no disponer todav&iacute;a de demasiadas evidencias sobre su equivalencia, en cuanto a eficacia, a los programas de tratamiento para el abordaje de trastornos espec&iacute;ficos y, en ning&uacute;n caso, pruebas de ser m&aacute;s eficaces que esta &uacute;ltima opci&oacute;n terap&eacute;utica. Sin embargo, un aspecto muy relevante por el que esta aproximaci&oacute;n resulta tan atractiva es la mayor facilidad de formaci&oacute;n de los profesionales y, por tanto, de diseminaci&oacute;n.</font></p> </blockquote>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Discusi&oacute;n</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Nos hemos propuesto apuntar algunos de los temas que, desde nuestro punto de vista, constituyen grandes retos y necesidades en el &aacute;mbito de las intervenciones psic&oacute;logicas en salud mental. Invertir en salud mental no es s&oacute;lo una cuesti&oacute;n &eacute;tica o social o una forma de aumentar el bienestar de las naciones, como recomendaba el World Happiness Report de 2013 de la OMS; es tambi&eacute;n una cuesti&oacute;n de sostenibilidad econ&oacute;mica en los pa&iacute;ses desarrollados. Los economistas ya lo han advertido: no hay progreso sin salud mental (Bloom et al., 2011).</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Por tanto, es necesario seguir avanzado en los conocimientos, entre otras cosas, sobre los ingredientes de cambio que dan raz&oacute;n de la eficacia de los tratamientos psicol&oacute;gicos y en dise&ntilde;ar, desarrollar y someter a prueba nuevas formas de intervenci&oacute;n y de administraci&oacute;n de esos tratamientos, con el fin de incrementar su eficacia, su efectividad y su eficiencia. El objetivo es poder llegar a millones de personas que necesitan ayuda y no la reciben o, si la reciben, no siempre se les ofrece de la manera m&aacute;s adecuada. Para lograrlo, Holmes et al. (2014) han hecho una llamada al trabajo conjunto e interdisciplinar. Nosotros tambi&eacute;n defendemos la necesidad de crear debates constructivos que generen sinergia y colaboraci&oacute;n entre diferentes profesionales y especialistas. Es necesario seguir trabajando para mejorar nuestros tratamientos, pero tambi&eacute;n contar con pol&iacute;ticas y directrices adecuadas. Por ello resulta prioritario colocar la salud mental en el debate p&uacute;blico y reflexionar, adem&aacute;s de hablar y contar con todos los agentes implicados. Sin duda, un grupo fundamental de esos agentes son los propios pacientes y sus familiares. Ellos son quienes desgraciadamente sufren las consecuencias m&aacute;s importantes de padecer un trastorno mental.</font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Extended Summary</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">The prevalence of mental disorders is reaching alarming proportions. Since mental health is one of the most neglected areas in the field of health, the need to promote research in this area is of great concern. In a previous article (Tortella-Feliu et al., 2016), we have emphasized that gaining better understanding of the factors related to the emergence and maintenance of psychopathology and the determinants of psychological well-being is essential for making progress in mental health care, since psychopathological models are the theoretical and conceptual foundations of psychological interventions. The present paper is aimed at providing our outlook on the main foci for research and clinical practice in the field of psychological treatments. Although we have made significant progress in the development of preventive tools and in the efficacy of the psychological treatments especially, we are still far from being in an optimal situation. This paper focuses on two major issues which we consider fundamental challenges and needs in this area: (a) the need for improving and promoting prevention, early intervention, and the promotion of mental health and (b) the need for greater dissemination of effective psychological treatments, the development of new interventions, and greater understanding of the mechanisms of action of psychological treatments. Our aim is to promote discussion among all those involved in mental health care and debate on the lines we think should be prioritized.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Prevention, Early Intervention, and Promotion of Psychological Wellbeing</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Although prevention programs in health care have proven successful in reducing many physical illnesses, little work has been done on the prevention of mental disorders. While new approaches have been gaining influence, research in this area is still in its nascent stage and extension of these programs to the general population remains low.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">There are many who claim that the only way to substantially reduce the costs associated with the high prevalence and harmful consequences of mental disorders is by improving and extending preventive interventions (ej.: Jacka et al., 2013). Yet, prevention should not be limited to acting on potential risk factors, but also on the promotion of aspects of strength and resilience that serve as protective factors against the possible development of mental disorders (Davis &amp; Suveg, 2014; V&aacute;zquez &amp; Herv&aacute;s, 2009) and which play an important role in the promotion of psychological wellbeing (not only in the absence of disease). The conceptual and measurement tools provided by positive psychology allow us to operationalize the notion of understanding mental health as the optimal development of the capacities of individuals and communities. The idea of promoting psychological strengths (Peterson &amp; Seligman, 2004) and defining and evaluating psychological wellbeing with a solid perspective (Herv&aacute;s &amp; V&aacute;zquez, 2013) can help overcome the shortcomings of traditional models of health and illness. These concepts have already begun to have an influence on public health policies in cases such as that of "Equal Minds" by Scottish government (Myers et al., 2005), which defines the idea of resilience as the backbone of its plan.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Psychological Treatments</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">In this section we will cover the two, in our opinion, greatest difficulties we face in our practice.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><i>Lack of Dissemination of Effective Psychological Treatments</i></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Although there is ample evidence on the effectiveness of various psychological treatments for different mental disorders, such interventions are commonly underused. The issue is especially problematic when a very high percentage of patients do not receive the most appropriate treatment for their problem. What could be the reasons for this phenomenon?</font></p>     <blockquote>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">a. It could be that treatments that have proved to be effective in controlled trials did not turn out to be effective in daily clinical practice. However, the evidence seems to indicate that this is not so and that levels of effectiveness are equivalent in most indicators (ej.: Cahill et al., 2010).</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">b. Another reason could be ineffective policies to increase the awareness of effective treatments. It is likely that information regarding novel treatments and their clinical implications has not arrived to those for whom it may be of interest.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">c. This lack of knowledge may be due to inadequate training of students and professionals in both the conceptual and procedural implementation of treatment models which are supported by research.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">d. It could also be that certain beliefs by clinicians are not entirely well founded (Lilienfeld et al., 2013). These beliefs may be related to the rejection of the very concept of promoting empirically supported treatments. This rejection is often associated with methodological reservations, positions which contrast with long-held diagnostic assumptions or, more generally, the idea that the excessive mechanization of interventions leads to an alleged loss of individualization when providing treatments which override clinical judgment.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">e. The belief that patients may also play a role in the poor dissemination of effective treatments. It has been suggested that a lack of knowledge within the lay public regarding mental health and psychological disorders can be a barrier to the proper implementation of treatments which are supported by research if these do not correspond to the patients' implicit beliefs (Jorm, 2000).</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Verdana" size="2">f. Finally, the fact that not all patients receive the best intervention for their needs may be because these treatments are not available from their health care provider because of administrative reasons. Effective psychological treatments can hardly reach those in need in the population if the number of health professionals, such as clinical psychologists, in the health care network is low (as is the case in our country). It may also be that health professionals have not had the opportunity to receive adequate training to properly implement effective psychological treatments. Beyond that, the widely held belief that all psychological treatments require a direct (face-to-face) therapeutic relationship with a clinician for a relatively long period of time can prevent treatment from reaching those who are most in need, especially when one considers the high costs involved in using this approach. This type of high-intensity treatment, which undoubtedly is absolutely necessary for some disorders and for those with more severe symptoms, are not always more effective-and often much less efficient-than other <i>low-intensity</i> interventions (e.g., psycho-education, guided self-help, e-health, m-health, etc.) for certain types of psychopathology (Kazdin &amp; Rabbitt, 2013). This approach, known as the phased approach to treatment, is one of the most prominent and successful initiatives in this area (NICE, 2011) and could very well facilitate more widespread access to effective treatments.</font></p> </blockquote>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">It is worth noting the progress in the development of e-health and m-health for dispensing health care services. However, in the case of mental health, despite the enormous potential of using technologies for dispensing psychological interventions, (e.g., Cuijpers et al., 2009), the implementation of technological tools for dispensing treatment faces many barriers in our country, at both an administrative and economic levels, as well as by clinicians and patients.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><i>The "Impasse" in Psychological Treatments</i></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Although there is a considerable number of effective treatments for many mental disorders, the field seems to have reached a point of "therapeutic impasse" (McNally, 2007) in that, in recent years, research has not led to increased levels in the effectiveness of extant options, nor has it brought about new treatments. It therefore seems appropriate that both research and technological resources be directed to areas that could potentially break us out of this therapeutic impasse, both in relation to increasing the effectiveness of psychological interventions in areas where it's already effective, as well as towards developing more interventions for those problems in psychological treatments that are not entirely effective. In this paper, we focus on four possible routes.</font></p>     <blockquote>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">a. Firstly, further analysis of the moderating (individual differences) and mediating (factors acting on techniques to bring the final result) factors of psychological intervention techniques (e.g. Dimidjian &amp; Hollon 2011; Holmes et al., 2014) is required. This involves promoting studies on predictors of treatment outcome and understanding the processes/mechanisms of change rather than, or in addition to, focusing solely on outcome (efficacy). There probably exists a certain degree of abuse with regard to "intervention packages" that are not able to determine the specific impact of their active elements (dismantling approach) or the required dose (intensity, frequency, etc.) of each component, and ignore the impact of individual differences in dispositional and situational variables.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">b. Another approach targets processes which are common to different specific psychological disorders, which have been isolated as being particularly relevant to the establishment or maintenance of such changes (e.g., cognitive biases in emotional disorders, or processing modes, such as overgeneralizing memories or excessive rumination in depressive and anxiety disorders). However, these innovative attempts offer limited efficiency, at least in the case of procedures that have been used thus far (e.g., Cristea et al., 2015; Duque, L&oacute;pez-G&oacute;mez, Blanco y V&aacute;zquez, 2015). The growing attention that has been given to training patients in mindfulness has shown to be promising and there exists great interest as to what processes and mechanisms of these practices are (Gu et al., 2015). In this sense, the degree to which one identifies, or does not identify, with one's thoughts would be a relevant trans-diagnostic variable for different mental disorders and could be sensitive to psychological treatment (Soler et al., 2014).</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">c. In the same vein to the idea that there exist therapeutic targets which are common to several specific psychological disorders, various authors have strongly argued for the need to transfer knowledge from the field of cognitive-affective and behavioral neuroscience to the design of more effective psychological treatments (e.g., Holmes et al., 2014). There is also a scarcity of knowledge on how psychological treatments work through the changes in brain function and other potential biomarkers.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">d. The last decade has witnessed the emergence of different trans-diagnostic protocols for the treatment of anxiety disorders, depression, and eating disorder (e.g., Fairburn et al., 2003). These protocols, which certainly offer some important advantages, may also have limitations and there is still little evidence as to their efficacy when compared to treatment programs for addressing specific disorders, with no cases so far proving to be more effective than the latter.</font></p> </blockquote>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">We intend to target some of the issues that, in our view, constitute major challenges and needs in the field of psychological interventions in mental health. Investing in mental health is not just an ethical or social issue, or a way to increase the welfare of nations, as recommended by the World Happiness Report 2013 by the WHO, it is also a question of economic sustainability in developed countries. Economists have already warned: there can be no progress without health.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Verdana" size="2">It is therefore necessary to further advance our knowledge on, among other things, the ingredients of change that demonstrate the effectiveness of psychological treatments, and to design, develop, and test new forms of interventions in order to enhance their efficiency and effectiveness. The goal is to be able to reach millions of people who need help and do not receive it, or in cases of those who do receive care, to ensure that their care is the most appropriate. In order to achieve this, Holmes et al. (2014) called for joint and interdisciplinary work. We also defend the need for a constructive debate which generates synergies and collaboration between different professionals and specialists. As such, we hope to make mental health a priority in the public debate and to count on the participation of all those who are involved.</font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Conflicto de intereses</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Los autores de este art&iacute;culo declaran que no tienen ning&uacute;n conflicto de intereses.</font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Referencias</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana" size="2">1. Ag&uuml;era L.F., Reneses B., Mu&ntilde;oz P. Enfermedad mental en atenci&oacute;n primaria. Madrid: Flas, 1996.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1520618&pid=S1130-5274201600020000400001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana" size="2">2. Ahn W., Proctor C.C., Flanagan E.H. Mental health clinicians' beliefs about the biological, psychological, and environmental bases of mental disorders. Cognitive Science. 2009;33:147-82.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1520620&pid=S1130-5274201600020000400002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>    ]]></body>
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<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana" size="2">53. Whiteford H.A., Degenhardt L., Rehm J., Baxter A.J., Ferrari A.J., Erskine H.E., ... T. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. The Lancet. 2013;382(9904):1575-86.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1520722&pid=S1130-5274201600020000400053&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana" size="2">54. Wilson G.T. Manual-based treatments: The clinical application of research findings. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1996;34:295-315.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1520724&pid=S1130-5274201600020000400054&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana" size="2">55. Zimmerman M., McGlinchey J.B., Posternak M.A., Friedman M., Attiullah N., Boerescu D. How should remission from depression be defined? The depressed patient's perspective. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006;163:148-50.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1520726&pid=S1130-5274201600020000400055&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="#top"><img border="0" src="/img/revistas/clinsa/v27n2/seta.gif" width="15" height="17"></a><a name="bajo"></a><b>Direcci&oacute;n para correspondencia:</b>    <br>Miquel Tortella-Feliu    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>Edifici IUNICS. Campus de la UIB.    <br>Carretera de Valldemossa, km. 7,5.    <br>07122 Palma (Mallorca).    <br><a href="mailto:miquel.tortella@gmail.com">miquel.tortella@gmail.com</a></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Recibido el 12 de febrero de 2016    <br>Aceptado el 7 de marzo de 2016</font></p>      ]]></body><back>
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