<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1134-8046</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de la Sociedad Española del Dolor]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1134-8046</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Inspira Network Group, S.L ]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1134-80462021000600005</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20986/resed.2021.3942/2021</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Eficacia y complicaciones de las técnicas analgésicas para el tratamiento del dolor agudo postoperatorio moderado a intenso]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Efficacy and complications of analgesic techniques for the treatment of moderate to severe postoperative acute pain]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buriticá Aguirre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vilá Justribo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montero Matamala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lleida ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova Servicio de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Unidad del Dolor ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lleida ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova Unidad del Dolor ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lleida ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<fpage>264</fpage>
<lpage>275</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1134-80462021000600005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1134-80462021000600005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1134-80462021000600005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Introducción:  A pesar de los esfuerzos y la evidencia disponible, el dolor agudo postoperatorio (DAP) moderado a intenso continúa teniendo una prevalencia elevada en nuestro medio. Como parte de una estrategia de analgesia balanceada o multimodal, las técnicas de analgesia regional ofrecen un adecuado control analgésico con menores efectos indeseables (que el uso exclusivo de opioides), aunque no están exentas de complicaciones y no son aplicables a todas las cirugías. El objetivo de este trabajo fue valorar la eficacia de las técnicas analgésicas para el tratamiento del DAP moderado a intenso, la incidencia de complicaciones asociadas a estas técnicas y la relación entre DAP y el antecedente de dolor crónico.  Pacientes y métodos:  Estudio retrospectivo que incluyó 728 pacientes en los que se indicaron técnicas analgésicas, como analgesia epidural, analgesia perineural continua y analgesia controlada por el paciente (PCA) con morfina intravenosa, para el tratamiento del DAP moderado a intenso entre octubre del 2018 y octubre del 2020. Los pacientes fueron valorados por la Unidad de Dolor Agudo Postoperatorio (UDAP) a las 24 y 48 horas, se registró el dolor con la ENV (Escala Numérica Verbal), la presencia de reacciones adversas y/o complicaciones, empleo de analgesia multimodal y consumo de morfina en equivalentes intravenosos. Los niveles de dolor se clasificaron en leve (ENV: 0-3), moderado (ENV: 4-6) e intenso (ENV mayor o igual a 7).  Resultados:  Cerca del 60 % de los pacientes presentaron dolor leve a las 24 horas y del 70 % a las 48 horas. Un 71,8 % de los portadores de analgésica continua epidural presentaron dolor leve el primer día y un 83 % al segundo. Las cirugías con niveles más altos de dolor moderado e intenso fueron la cirugía espinal en la que se empleó la PCA de morfina y la artroplastia de rodilla en que se utilizó analgesia a través de bloqueo femoral continuo. El consumo de morfina registrado en las PCA fue de 25,8 mg (DE: 18,4) a las 24 horas y de 18,6 mg (DE: 14,6) a las 48 horas. No hubo complicaciones graves asociadas a ninguna de las técnicas, excepto las retiradas accidentales de catéteres epidurales (3,6 %). En los bloqueos periféricos continuos, las retiradas accidentales (13 %) y las fugas pericatéter (6,4 %) fueron las complicaciones más frecuentes. Hubo una relación significativa entre el antecedente de dolor crónico y la intensidad de dolor postoperatorio (p = 0,000).  Conclusiones:  Las técnicas analgésicas evaluadas para el manejo del DAP moderado e intenso, se consideran eficaces. La analgesia epidural torácica fue la técnica más eficaz con los porcentajes más altos de dolor leve a las 24 y 48 horas. Los pacientes con antecedente de dolor crónico presentaron porcentajes más altos de dolor moderado e intenso a las 24 y 48 horas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Introduction:  Despite the efforts and the available evidence, moderate to severe acute postoperative pain (APP) continues to have a high prevalence in our setting. As part of a balanced or multimodal analgesia strategy, regional analgesia techniques offer adequate analgesic control with fewer undesirable effects (that the exclusive use of opioids), although they are not free of complications and do not apply to all surgeries. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of analgesic techniques for the treatment of moderate to intense APP, the incidence of complications associated with these techniques, and the relationship between APP and the presence of chronic pain.  Patients and methods:  This retrospective study included 728 patients in which analgesic techniques such as epidural analgesia, continuous perineural analgesia, and morphine Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) were indicated to treat moderate to severe APP between October 2018 and October 2020. The patients were evaluated by the APP service at 24 and 48 hours, the pain was recorded with the NRS (Numerical Rating Scale), and the study also registered the presence of adverse reactions and/or complications, the use of multimodal analgesia, and the consumption of morphine in equivalent intravenous doses. Pain levels were classified as mild (NRS: 0-3), moderate (NRS: 4-6) and intense (NRS greater than or equal to 7).  Results:  Approximately 60 % of all patients presented mild pain at 24 hours and 70 % at 48. Epidural analgesia in abdominal surgery presented 71.8 % mild pain on the first day and 83 % on the second. The surgeries with the highest levels of moderate and severe pain were spinal surgery using morphine PCA and knee replacement with continuous femoral nerve block. The morphine consumption recorded in the PCA was 25.8 mg (SD 18.4) at 24 hours and 18.6 mg (SD: 14.6) at 48 hours. There were no serious complications associated with any of the techniques, except for accidental removal of epidural catheters (3.6 %). In continuous peripheral nerve blocks, accidental withdrawals (13 %), and leakage from the catheter insertion site (6.4 %) were the most frequent complications. There was a significant relationship between chronic pain and pain intensity (p = 0.000).  Conclusions:  Analgesic techniques for the management of APP, achieve better analgesic levels with few complications. The role of effective and safe thoracic epidural analgesia in open abdominal surgery stands out. Patients with a history of chronic pain had higher percentages of moderate and severe pain at 24 and 48 hours.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Dolor agudo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dolor postoperatorio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dolor crónico preoperatorio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[analgesia postoperatoria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[consumo de opioides]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[complicaciones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Acute pain]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[postoperative pain]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[preoperative chronic pain]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[postoperative analgesia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[opioid consumption]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[complications]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kehlet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Postoperative pain, analgesia, and recovery-bedfellows that cannot be ignored]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pain]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>159</volume>
<numero>^s1</numero>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<supplement>1</supplement>
<page-range>S11-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gordon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Leon-Casasola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bickler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brennan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Management of Postoperative Pain A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American Pain Society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists' Committee on Regional Anesthesia, Executive Committee, and Administrative Council]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Pain]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>131-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pogatzki-Zahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segelcke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schug]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Postoperative pain-from mechanisms to treatment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pain Rep]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Small]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laycock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Acute postoperative pain management]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br J Surg]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>107</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>e70-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garimella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cellini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Postoperative pain control]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Colon Rectal Surg]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>191-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Poorly controlled postoperative pain prevalence, consequences, and prevention]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Pain Res]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>2287-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Habib]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[White]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Apfelbaum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Incidence, patient satisfaction, and perceptions of post-surgical pain results from a US national survey]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Med Res Opin]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>149-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correll]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vlassakov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kissin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[No evidence of real progress in treatment of acute pain, 1993-2012: scientometric analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Pain Res]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>199-210</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sommer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Rijke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Kleef]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kessels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geurts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The prevalence of postoperative pain in a sample of 1490 surgical inpatients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur J Anaesthesiol]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>267-74</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerbershagen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aduckathil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Wijck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peelen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kalkman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meissner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pain intensity on the first day after surgery a prospective cohort study comparing 179 surgical procedures]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesthesiology]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>118</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>934-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Polanco-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Lopez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fàbregas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meissner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Postoperative Pain Management in Spanish Hospitals: A Cohort Study Using the PAIN-OUT Registry]]></article-title>
<collab>PAIN-OUT-Spain Consortium</collab>
<source><![CDATA[J Pain]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1237-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glare]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aubrey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Myles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Transition from acute to chronic pain after surgery]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>393</volume>
<numero>10180</numero>
<issue>10180</issue>
<page-range>1537-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schug]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lavand'homme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Korwisi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rief]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Treede]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: chronic postsurgical or posttraumatic pain]]></article-title>
<collab>IASP Taskforce for the Classification of Chronic Pain</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Pain]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>160</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>45-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esteve-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sansaloni-Perelló]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verd-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ribera-Leclerc]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mora-Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nuevos enfoques en el tratamiento del dolor agudo postoperatorio]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Soc Esp Dolor]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>132-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuchinsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ascher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Postoperative multimodal pain management]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lab Anim (NY)]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>132-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matute Crespo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montero Matamala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pharmacological advances in the multimodal management of perioperative analgesia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>467-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DQ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krodel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Optimal Organization of Acute Pain Services At the Confluence of Semantics, Logistics, and Economics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesth Analg]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>127</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>808-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miclescu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Butler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karlsten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The changing face of acute pain services]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scand J Pain]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>204-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stamer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[UM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liguori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rawal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thirty-five Years of Acute Pain Services Where Do We Go From Here?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesth Analg]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>131</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>650-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguilar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Situación actual del dolor agudo postoperatorio en el Sistema Nacional de Salud Las tecnologías de la información y comunicación ayudan a conseguir un hospital (y atención primaria) sin dolor]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Soc Esp Dolor]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>139-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rockett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vanstone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waeland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A survey of acute pain services in the UK]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anaesthesia]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1237-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ATH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Maintenance of epidural labour analgesia The old, the new and the future]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>15-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esteve-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mora-Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analgesia epidural postoperatoria ¿cuál es su papel en la práctica anestésica actual?. Rev Soc Esp]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dolor]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rawal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Current issues in postoperative pain management]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur J Anaesthesiol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>160-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hollmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lirk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Safety and efficacy of epidural analgesia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Anaesthesiol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>736-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pöpping]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Aken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marret]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schug]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kranke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Impact of epidural analgesia on mortality and morbidity after surgery systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Surg]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>259</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>1056-67</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weiss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pöpping]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is epidural analgesia still a viable option for enhanced recovery after abdominal surgery]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Anaesthesiol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>622-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coyle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joyce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garvin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Regan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McAnena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Early post-operative removal of urethral catheter in patients undergoing colorectal surgery with epidural analgesia - a prospective pilot clinical study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Surg]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>A</numero>
<issue>A</issue>
<page-range>94-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hayami]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ueno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kawai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuriyama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kawamata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamaue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Optimal Timing of Removal of Epidural and Urethral Catheters to Avoid Postoperative Urinary Retention Undergoing Abdominal Surgery]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dig Surg]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>261-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suksompong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[von Bormann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[von Bormann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regional Catheters for Postoperative Pain Control Review and Observational Data]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesth Pain Med]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kooij]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schlack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Preckel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hollmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does regional analgesia for major surgery improve outcome Focus on epidural analgesia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesth Analg]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>119</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>740-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schreiber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aydil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walschus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glitsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patrzyk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heidecke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schulze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Early removal of urinary drainage in patients receiving epidural analgesia after colorectal surgery within an ERAS protocol is feasible]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Langenbecks Arch Surg]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>404</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>853-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alboog]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bae]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anesthetic management of complex spine surgery in adult patients a review based on outcome evidence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Anaesthesiol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>600-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pendi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Field]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farhan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eichler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bederman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Perioperative Ketamine for Analgesia in Spine Surgery A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Spine (Phila Pa 1976)]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>E299-307</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murphy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Szokol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intraoperative Methadone in Surgical Patients A Review of Clinical Investigations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesthesiology]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>131</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>678-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murphy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Avram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shear]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deshur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dickerson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Postoperative Pain and Analgesic Requirements in the First Year after Intraoperative Methadone for Complex Spine and Cardiac Surgery]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesthesiology]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>132</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>330-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Armaghani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Archer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bible]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Preoperative Opioid Use as a Predictor of Adverse Postoperative Self-Reported Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Spine Surgery]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Bone Joint Surg Am]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dunn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durieux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith-Straesser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jhaveri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HF]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Influence of catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression on in-hospital opioid consumption, pain, and quality of recovery after adult spine surgery]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Neurosurg Spine]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>119-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McNicol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ED]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferguson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hudcova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus non-patient controlled opioid analgesia for postoperative pain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cochrane Database Syst Rev]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>2015</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>CD003348</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pendi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acosta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tuchman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Movahedi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sivasundaram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arif]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gucev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intrathecal Morphine in Spine Surgery A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Spine (Phila Pa 1976)]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>E740-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ilfeld]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks An Update of the Published Evidence and Comparison With Novel, Alternative Analgesic Modalities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesth Analg]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>124</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>308-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fransen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Assam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chua]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cochrane Database Syst Rev]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>2014</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>CD009941</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Choi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[In]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Femoral Nerve Block versus Adductor Canal Block for Analgesia after Total Knee Arthroplasty]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Knee Surg Relat Res]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>87-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nogawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maruyama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kimoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamazaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kawamata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison of catheter-over-needle and catheter-through-needle on leakage from the catheter insertion site during continuous femoral nerve block]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Anesth]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>439-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>46</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hollmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rathmell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lirk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Optimal postoperative pain management redefining the role for opioids]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>393</volume>
<numero>10180</numero>
<issue>10180</issue>
<page-range>1483-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
