<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1134-8046</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de la Sociedad Española del Dolor]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1134-8046</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Inspira Network Group, S.L ]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1134-80462022000400009</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejp.1975</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Efectividad a largo plazo de las inyecciones epidurales de esteroides tras nuevos episodios de dolor lumbar en adultos mayores]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Long-term effectiveness of epidural steroid injections after new episodes of low back pain in older adults]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Curatolo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michele]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rundell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sean D]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gold]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura S]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friedly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Janna L]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nedeljkovic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sdrj S]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deyo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard A]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Judith A]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bresnahan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Brian W]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Avins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrew L]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kessler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Larry]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heagerty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patrick J]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A0"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jarvik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeffrey G]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Washington Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Seattle WA]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,The University of Washington Clinical Learning Evidence and Research (CLEAR) Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Seattle WA]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Washington Department of Rehabilitation Medicine ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Seattle WA]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Washington Department of Neurological Surgery ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Seattle WA]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Washington Department of Radiology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Seattle WA]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Spine Unit]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Boston MA]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af7">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Washington Department of Psychiatry &amp; Behavioral Sciences ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Seattle WA]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af8">
<institution><![CDATA[,Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Oakland CA]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af9">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Washington Department of Health Systems and Population Health ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Seattle WA]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A10">
<institution><![CDATA[,Oregon Health and Science University Department of Family Medicine ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Portland OR]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>175</fpage>
<lpage>186</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1134-80462022000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1134-80462022000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1134-80462022000400009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Antecedentes: Hay pocos estudios sobre la eficacia a largo plazo de las inyecciones epidurales de esteroides (IEE) en las personas mayores a pesar de la elevada prevalencia del dolor de espalda y de miembros inferiores en este grupo de edad. Probamos las hipótesis de que los adultos mayores que reciben IEE, frente a los que no: (1) tienen más dolor y discapacidad y peor calidad de vida ('resultados') antes de las IEE, (2) presentan mejores resultados después de las IEE y (3) tienen resultados mejores debido a un efecto específico de las IEE.  Métodos: Estudiamos prospectivamente a pacientes de &#8805; 65 años de edad que acudieron a la atención primaria con nuevos episodios de dolor de espalda en tres sistemas sanitarios estadounidenses (registro BOLD). Los resultados a evaluar fueron la intensidad del dolor de miembros inferiores y de espalda, la discapacidad y la calidad de vida, valorados en el momento basal y a los 3, 6, 12 y 24 meses de seguimiento. Clasificamos a los participantes en: (1) IEE en los 6 meses siguientes a la visita inicial (n = 295); (2) sin IEE en el plazo de 6 meses (n = 4809); (3) sin IEE en el plazo de 6 meses, puntuación de propensión equiparada a la del grupo 1 (n = 483). Analizamos los datos mediante regresión lineal y ecuaciones de estimación generalizadas.  Resultados: La intensidad del dolor, la discapacidad y la calidad de vida basales fueron significativamente peores en los pacientes con IEE (grupo 1) que en los del grupo 2. La mejoría de todos los resultados evaluables desde el momento basal hasta los 24 meses fue estadísticamente significativa para el grupo 1. Sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las evoluciones de los resultados en los grupos con puntuaciones de propensión equiparadas, 1 y 3.  Conclusiones: Los adultos mayores tratados con IEE presentan mejorías a largo plazo. Sin embargo, es improbable que dicha mejoría se deba a un efecto específico de la IEE.  Significancia: En este gran estudio prospectivo de dos años de adultos mayores con un nuevo episodio de dolor lumbar, el dolor de espalda, el dolor de miembros inferiores, la discapacidad y la calidad de vida mejoraron después de las inyecciones epidurales de esteroides; sin embargo, la equiparación de las puntuaciones de propensión mostró que la mejoría era improbable que se debiera a un efecto específico de las inyecciones, indicando que es poco probable que los esteroides epidurales aporten beneficios a largo plazo a los adultos mayores con nuevos episodios de dolor de espalda y miembros inferiores.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Background: There is limited research on the long-term effectiveness of epidural steroid injections (ESI) in older adults despite the high prevalence of back and leg pain in this age group. We tested the hypotheses that older adults undergoing ESI, compared to patients not receiving ESI: (1) have worse pain, disability and quality of life ('outcomes') pre-ESI, (2) have improved outcomes after ESI and (3) have improved outcomes due to a specific ESI effect.  Methods: We prospectively studied patients &#8805; 65 years old presenting to primary care with new episodes of back pain in three US healthcare systems (BOLD reg- istry). Outcomes were leg and back pain intensity, disability and quality of life, assessed at baseline and 3-, 6-, 12- and 24-month follow-ups. We categorized participants as: (1) ESI within 6 months from the index visit (n = 295); (2) no ESI within 6 months (n = 4809); (3) no ESI within 6 months, propensity-score matched to group 1 (n = 483). We analysed the data using linear regression and Generalized Estimating Equations.  Results: Pain intensity, disability and quality of life at baseline were significantly worse at baseline in ESI patients (group 1) than in group 2. The improvement from baseline to 24 months in all outcomes was statistically significant for group 1. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between out- come trajectories for the propensity-score matched groups 1 and 3.  Conclusions: Older adults treated with ESI have long-term improvement. However, the improvement is unlikely the result of a specific ESI effect.  Significance: In this large, two-year, prospective study in older adults with a new episode of low back pain, back pain, leg pain, disability and quality of life improved after epidural steroid injections; however, propensity-score matching revealed that the improvement was unlikely the result of a specific effect of the injections, indicating that epidural steroids are unlikely to provide long-term benefits in older adults with new episodes of back and leg pain.]]></p></abstract>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Austin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Multivariate Behavioral Research]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<page-range>399-424</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhatia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flamer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Transforaminal epidural steroid injections for treating lumbosacral radicular pain from herniated intervertebral discs: A systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesthesia &amp; Analgesia]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>122</volume>
<page-range>857-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hashimoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friedly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bougatsos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sullivan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jarvik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epidural corticosteroid injections for radiculopathy and spinal stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annals of Internal Medicine]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>163</volume>
<page-range>373-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qaseem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Snow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cross]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT-Jr]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shekelle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Owens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: A joint clinical practice guideline from the american college of physicians and the american pain society]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annals of Internal Medicine]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>147</volume>
<page-range>478-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Bruijn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Groot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miedema]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haumann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ostelo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical relevance of epidural steroid injections on lumbosacral radicular syndrome-related synptoms: Systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clinical Journal of Pain]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>524-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Docking]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fleming]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brayne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macfarlane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<collab>Cambridge City over-75s Cohort Study</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epidemiology of back pain in older adults: Prevalence and risk factors for back pain onset]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rheumatology (Oxford)]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<page-range>1645-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dworkin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farrar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haythornthwaite]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jensen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kerns]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stucki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bellamy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chandler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cowan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dionne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hertz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jadad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kramer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manning]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Witter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: Immpact recommendations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pain]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>113</volume>
<page-range>9-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eworuke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crisafi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akhtar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Clief]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Racoosin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wernecke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MaCurdy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kelman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Graham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Risk of serious spinal adverse events associated with epidural corticosteroid injections in the medicare population]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<page-range>203-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friedly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Comstock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heagerty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rothman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Avins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nedeljkovic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nerenz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akuthota]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jarvik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Systemic effects of epidural steroid injections for spinal stenosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pain]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>159</volume>
<page-range>876-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vadaje]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dhillon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lateral parasagittal versus midline interlaminar lumbar epidural steroid injection for management of low back pain with lumbosacral radicular pain: A double-blind, randomized study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesthesia and Analgesia]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>117</volume>
<page-range>219-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jarvik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Comstock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bresnahan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nedeljkovic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nerenz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Avins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[James]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turner J]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heagerty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kessler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friedly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sullivan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deyo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Study protocol: The back pain outcomes using longitudinal data (bold) registry]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>13</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kroenke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spitzer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The patient health questionnaire-2: Validity of a two-item depression screener]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Medical Care]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>1284-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manchikanti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanapati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manchikanti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pampati]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hirsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An updated analysis of utilization of epidural procedures in managing chronic pain in the medicare population from 2000 to 2018]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pain Physician]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>111-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nemeth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Health related quality of life outcome instruments]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Spine Journal]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>Suppl 1</numero>
<issue>Suppl 1</issue>
<page-range>S44-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>NICE</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: Assessment and management]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hancock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McLachlan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RZ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica: An abridged cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Spine]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<page-range>E1405-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RZ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hancock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McLachlan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epidural corticosteroid injections in the management of sciatica: A systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annals of Internal Medicine]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>157</volume>
<page-range>865-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A study of the natural history of back pain. Part 1: Development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low-back pain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Spine]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>141-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vorobeychik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wasserman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jameson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moradian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duszynski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kennedy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effectiveness and risks of fluoroscopically guided lumbar interlaminar epidural steroid injections: A systematic review with comprehensive analysis of the published data]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pain Medicine]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>239-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van der Gaag]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enthoven]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WTM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luijsterburg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PAJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Rijckevorsel-Scheele]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bierma-Zeinstra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SMA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bohnen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Tulder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Natural history of back pain in older adults over five years]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>781-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[March]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blyth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buchbinder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Global low back pain prevalence and years lived with disability from 1990 to 2017: Estimates from the global burden of disease study 2017]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annals of Translational Medicine]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>8</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
