<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1137-6627</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Anales Sis San Navarra]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1137-6627</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Gobierno de Navarra. Departamento de Salud]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1137-66272017000200237</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23938/assn.0030</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Factores asociados a la pérdida sanguínea en partos precipitados]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Factors associated with blood loss during precipitate labour]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubio Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina Alarcón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital General La Mancha Centro  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Alcázar de San Juan Ciudad Real]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Facultad de Enfermería ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Albacete ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>237</fpage>
<lpage>245</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1137-66272017000200237&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1137-66272017000200237&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1137-66272017000200237&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Fundamento.  El parto precipitado se relaciona con la aparición de hemorragia postparto por atonía uterina posterior. Sin embargo, las medidas preventivas que pueden resultar efectivas para lograr reducir las pérdidas sanguíneas en este tipo de parto son aún desconocidas. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue conocer los factores relacionados con la pérdida sanguínea en los partos precipitados.  Material y método.  Se realizó un estudio observacional y analítico de cohortes retrospectivo sobre una muestra total de 742 mujeres con parto vaginal cuya duración fue inferior a 180 minutos durante el periodo 2010-2014. Las gestaciones con feto muerto anteparto, gemelares e inducciones de parto fueron excluidos del análisis. La variable resultado principal fue la pérdida hemática intraparto.  Resultados.  Mediante el empleo de análisis multivariante, los factores de riesgo asociados de manera independiente a mayores pérdidas sanguíneas (g/dL) en partos precipitados fueron la nuliparidad (0,38; p&lt;0,001), niveles de hemoglobina preparto elevados (0,23; p&lt;0,001), mayor edad gestacional (0,06; p&lt;0,001), realización de alumbramiento manual (0,92; p=0,004) y empleo de episiotomía (0,34; p&lt;0,001). La realización de alumbramiento dirigido surge como factor protector frente a mayores pérdidas sanguíneas (-0,23; p&lt;0,001). La pérdida de hemoglobina promedio se situó en un 1,0 g/dL (desviación típica =0,92).  Conclusiones.  La restricción de la práctica de la episiotomía y el empleo del alumbramiento dirigido se establecen como medidas claves modificables por los profesionales para reducir las pérdidas sanguíneas en partos precipitados y mejorar el estado materno postparto.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Background.  Precipitate labour is related to the appearance of postpartum haemorrhage due to posterior uterine atony. However, preventive measures that may be effective in reducing blood loss in this type of delivery are still unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with blood loss produced in precipitate labour.  Methods.  This was an observational, analytical retrospective cohort study based on a total sample of 742 women with vaginal delivery whose duration was less than 180 minutes, during the period 2010-2014. Dead foetus antepartum gestations, twin gestations and labour induction were excluded from the analysis. The main outcome variable was intrapartum blood loss.  Results.  By making use of multivariate analysis, the risk factors independently associated with higher blood loss (g/dL) during precipitate labour were nulliparity (0.38; p&lt;0.001), higher antepartum haemoglobin levels (0.23; p&lt;0.001), higher gestational age (0.06; p&lt;0.001), manual removal of the placenta (0.92; p=0.004) and the use of episiotomy (0.34; p&lt;0.001). Performing active management emerges as a protective factor against increased blood loss (-0.23; p&lt;0.001). The average loss of haemoglobin was 1.0 g/dL (standard deviation =0.92).  Conclusion.  The restriction in the practice of episiotomy and the use of active management can therefore be established as key measures that professionals can modify in order to reduce blood loss during precipitate labour and to improve these mothers&#8217; postpartum period.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Factores de riesgo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Parto precipitado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Hemoglobina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Haemoglobin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Precipitate labour]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Risk factors]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>SEGO</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Protocolos de la Sociedad Española de Ginecología y Obstetricia. Recomendaciones sobre la Asistencia al Parto,]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SEGO]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chazotte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Short labor: characteristics and outcome]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Obstet Gynecol]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>84</volume>
<page-range>47-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sheiner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Precipitate labor higher rates of maternal complications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Euro J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>116</volume>
<page-range>43-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suzuki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical significance of precipitous labor]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Med Res]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>150-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melamed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gavish]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eisner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wiznitzer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wasserberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yogev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Third and fourth-degree perineal tears- incidence and risk factors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>660-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biguzzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Franchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ambrogi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ibrahim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bucciarelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acaia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage in a cohort of 6011 Italian women]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Thromb Res]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>129</volume>
<page-range>e1-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Magann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hutchinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Collins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Howard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morrison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal birth: an analysis of risk factors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[South Med J]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<page-range>419-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carroli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cuesta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abalos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gulmezoglu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epidemiology of postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>999-1012</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rath]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Postpartum hemorrhage--update on problems of definitions and diagnosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<page-range>421-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>SEGO</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Protocolos de la Sociedad Española de Ginecología y Obstetricia. Hemorragia postparto precoz]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Prog Obstet Ginecol]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>497-505</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oyelese]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scorza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mastrolia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smulian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Postpartum hemorrhage]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>421-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Say]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gemmill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tuncalp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Daniels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Global causes of maternal death a WHO systematic analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Glob Health]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>323-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leduc]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Senikas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lalonde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ballerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biringer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delaney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Active management of the third stage of labour: prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Obs Gynaecol Can]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>980-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Westhoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cotter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tolosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cochrane Database Syst Rev]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>10</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intrapartum care for healthy women and babies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clinical Guideline]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sheldon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vogel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Souza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gulmezoglu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Winikoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Postpartum haemorrhage management, risks, and maternal outcomes: findings from the World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BJOG]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>121</volume>
<numero>^s1</numero>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<supplement>1</supplement>
<page-range>5-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rossen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Okland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nilsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eggebo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is there an increase of postpartum hemorrhage, and is severe hemorrhage associated with more frequent use of obstetric interventions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<page-range>1248-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Zirqi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vangen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Forsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stray-Pedersen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence and risk factors of severe obstetric haemorrhage]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BJOG]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>115</volume>
<page-range>1265-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yip]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Significance of an abnormally low or high hemoglobin concentration during pregnancy: special consideration of iron nutrition]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Clin Nutr]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<numero>^s1</numero>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<supplement>1</supplement>
<page-range>272S-9S</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aghamohammadi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zafari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tofighi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High maternal hemoglobin concentration in first trimester as risk factor for pregnancy induced hypertension]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Caspian J Intern Med]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>194-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Stralen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[von Schmidt auf Altenstadt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bloemenkamp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KWM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Roosmalen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hukkelhoven]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CWPM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Increasing incidence of postpartum hemorrhage: the Dutch piece of the puzzle]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>95</volume>
<page-range>1104-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bais]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eskes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonsel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bleker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Postpartum haemorrhage in nulliparous women: incidence and risk factors in low and high risk women. A Dutch population-based cohort study on standard (&amp;gt; or = 500 ml) and severe (&amp;gt; or = 1000 ml) postpartum haemorrhage]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>115</volume>
<page-range>166-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meyn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Episiotomy use in the United States, 1979-1997]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Obstet Gynecol]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>100</volume>
<page-range>1177-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pascual-Pedreño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baño-Garnés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melero-Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina-Alarcón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Variabilidad en la tasa de episiotomías y su relación con desgarros perineales graves y morbilidad neonatal]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Enferm Clin]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>269-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malhotra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allen Jr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ostbye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Risk factors and midwife-reported reasons for episiotomy in women undergoing normal vaginal delivery]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Gynecol Obstet]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>288</volume>
<page-range>1249-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Euro-Peristat project with SCPE and Eurocat</collab>
<source><![CDATA[European Perinatal Health Report. The health and care of pregnant women and babies in Europe in 2010]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carroli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mignini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Episiotomy for vaginal birth]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cochrane Database Syst Rev]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kudish]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sokol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kruger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trends in major modifiable risk factors for severe perineal trauma, 1996-2006]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Gynaecol Obstet]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<page-range>165-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubio-Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina-Alarcón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Relationship between the degree of perineal trauma at vaginal birth and change in haemoglobin concentration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Women Birth]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toledo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCarthy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hewlett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fitzgerald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The accuracy of blood loss estimation after simulated vaginal delivery]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anesth Analg]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>105</volume>
<page-range>1736-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prasertcharoensuk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Swadpanich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lumbiganon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Accuracy of blood estimation in the third stage of labour]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Gynecol Obstet]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<page-range>69-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goudar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kodkany]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edlavitch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wagh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Drape estimation vs visual assessment for estimating postpartum hemorrhage]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Gynecol Obstet]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>93</volume>
<page-range>220-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
