<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1139-7632</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Pediatría Atención Primaria]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1139-7632</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1139-76322019000300004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) en niños escolarizados de 6 a 17 años]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in schoolchildren aged 6 to 17 years]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llanos Lizcano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leónidas José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Darwin José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Henry J]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puentes Rozo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Ab"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Simón Bolívar Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Barranquilla ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Simón Bolívar Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Barranquilla ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Atlántico Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe. Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A3b">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Simón Bolívar Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe. Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Barranquilla ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>83</numero>
<fpage>e101</fpage>
<lpage>e108</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1139-76322019000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1139-76322019000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1139-76322019000300004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Objetivo: se buscó determinar la prevalencia del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) en niños de entre 6 a 17 años escolarizados en Barranquilla, para hacer una caracterización epidemiológica del trastorno en la región Caribe colombiana.  Materiales y métodos: se tomaron 383 niños de una institución educativa a los que se les aplicaron pruebas de tamizaje (Checklist y BASC). Aquellos sujetos que registraron una puntuación sugestiva de alguna alteración fueron reprogramados para la realización de la evaluación por medio de la entrevista estructurada (MINI).  Resultados: de los 383 sujetos evaluados inicialmente, 178 resultaron ser casos de algún tipo de alteración, de estos se confirmó que 59 (15%) tenían diagnóstico de TDAH, con una proporción de 38 varones y 21 mujeres, lo que arroja una relación 2:1, la distribución por subtipos se dio en 7,3% combinado, 5% inatento y 3,1% hiperactivo. En total, el 23% de los sujetos evaluados presentaron algún trastorno neuropsiquiátrico y se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el subtipo inatento con la agorafobia y los episodios depresivos, entre el subtipo hiperactivo con el trastorno oposicionista desafiante y el trastorno de angustia y entre la depresión y el riesgo de suicidio con el subtipo combinado.  Conclusiones: la prevalencia del TDAH en Barranquilla presenta un comportamiento similar a otras regiones del país, tanto en la prevalencia como en la distribución por subtipos, relación por sexo, tipos de comorbilidades. Estos datos no están sujetos a factores psicosociales, lo que confirmaría la teoría de tener una etiología multifactorial.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Objective: we aimed to establish the prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in schoolchildren aged 6 to 17 years in Barranquilla, to obtain an epidemiological perspective of this disorder in the Caribbean region of Colombia.  Materials and methods: we selected 383 children enrolled in a single school and administered screening tests (symptoms checklist and BASC). In children with scores that suggested the presence of abnormalities, we scheduled another assessment by means of a structured interview (MINI).  Results: of the 383 children that underwent the initial assessment, 178 exhibited abnormalities, of which 59 (15%) received a final diagnosis of ADHD (38 male and 21 women, corresponding to a 2:1 ratio). The distribution by subtypes was 7.3% combined, 5% inattentive and 3.1% hyperactive. Overall, 23% of the children in the sample had some form of neuropsychiatric disorder, and we found that the inattentive type was significantly associated with agoraphobia and episodes of depression and the hyperactive type with oppositional defiant disorder and anxiety disorder, while in the combined type, depression was associated with an increased risk of suicide.  Conclusions: the prevalence of ADHD in Barranquilla was similar to the prevalence reported in other regions of Colombia, both overall and for each of the subtypes, and in its distribution by sex or comorbidities. These proportions were not associated to psychosocial factors, which supports the hypothesis of a multifactorial aetiology of ADHD.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Trastornos del comportamiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Trastornos del neurodesarrollo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Trastornos neuropsiquiátricos en la infancia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Behavioral disorders]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Childhood neurodevelopmental disorders]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Childhood neuropsychiatric disorders]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cornejo Ochoa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Osío Uribe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez Mosquera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrizosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grisales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalencia del trastorno por déficit de atención-hiperactividad en niños y adolescentes colombianos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Neurol]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>716</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corkum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[ADHD Diagnosis: as simple as administering a questionnaire or a complex diagnostic process?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Atten Disord]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>478-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Polanczyk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS de]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biederman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rohde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>164</volume>
<page-range>942-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Russell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodgers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ukoumunne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence of parent-reported ASD and ADHD in the UK: Findings from the millennium cohort study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Autism Dev Disord]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>31-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wolraich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKeown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Visser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SN]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The prevalence of ADHD: its diagnosis and treatment in four school districts across two states]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Atten Disord]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<page-range>563-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nguyen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HBH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence of ADHD in primary school children in Vinh Long, Vietnam]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Int]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<page-range>856-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gender ratios of administrative prevalence and incidence of attention-de fi cit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) across the lifespan: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychiatry Res]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>244</volume>
<page-range>382-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[He]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Childhood predictors of persistent ADHD in early adulthood: Results from the first follow-up study in China]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychiatry Res]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>230</volume>
<page-range>905-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Demontis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mattheisen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Als]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agerbo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for ADHD]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat Genet]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>63-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marwaha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bebbington]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Adult attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and psychosis: Epidemiological evidence from a population survey in England]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychiatry Res]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>229</volume>
<page-range>49-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smalley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mindfulness and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Clin Psychol]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<page-range>1087-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Polanczyk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Willcutt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kieling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rohde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: An updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Epidemiol]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<page-range>434-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F De la]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barragán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Declaración de Cartagena para el Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH): rompiendo el estigma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Ciencias Salud]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>93-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pineda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castellanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FX]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Confirmación de la alta prevalencia del trastorno por déficit de atención en una comunidad colombiana]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Neurol]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>217-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vélez-Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vidarte Claros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH), una prolematica a abordar en la política pública de primera infancia en Colombia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Salud Pública]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>113-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wehmeier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schacht]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barkley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Social and emotional impairment in children and adolescents with adhd and the impact on quality of life]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Adolesc Heal]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<page-range>209-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caci]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Asherson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donfrancesco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Daily life impairments associated with childhood/adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as recalled by adults: results from the European Lifetime Impairment Survey]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>316-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biederman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faraone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spencer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder impact the developmental course of drug and alcohol abuse and dependence?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biol Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>269-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salmeron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Childhood and adolescent attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Diagnosis, clinical practice guidelines, and social implications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Am Acad Nurse Pract]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>488-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abikoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hechtman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Symptomatic improvement in children with ADHD Treated with long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<page-range>802-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FE de la]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vicente]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saldivia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melipillan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epidemiology of ADHD in Chilean children and adolescents]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Atten Defic Hyperact Disord]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>1-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Artigas Pallarés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comorbilidad en el trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Neurol]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>68-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yoshimasu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barbaresi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colligan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Childhood ADHD is strongly associated with a broad range of psychiatric disorders during adolescence: a population-based birth cohort study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<page-range>1036-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Choi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Blood manganese levels in relation to comorbid behavioral and emotional problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychiatry Res J]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>220</volume>
<page-range>418-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cramond]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and creativity - what is the connection?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Creat Behav]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>193-210</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Song]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leventhal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cross-cultural aspect of behavior assessment system for Children-2, Parent Rating Scale-Child: standardization in Korean children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Yonsei Med J]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<page-range>439-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Timimi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taylor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[ADHD is best understood as a cultural construct]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br J Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>184</volume>
<page-range>8-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pineda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence estimations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: differential diagnoses and comorbidities in a Colombian sample]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Neurosci]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>113</volume>
<page-range>49-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pineda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kamphaus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Restrepo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puerta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sistema de evaluación multidimensional de la conducta. Escala para padres de niños de 6 a 11 años, versión colombiana]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Neurol]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>672-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pineda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acosta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cervantes-Henríquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Conglomerados de clases latentes en 408 miembros de 120 familias nucleares de Barranquilla con un caso índice afectado de trastorno de atención hiperactividad (TDAH)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Neurol Col]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>275-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pineda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puerta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mejía]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Uso de un cuestionario breve para el diagnóstico de deficiencia atencional]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Neurol]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>365-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanders]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doust]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatrics]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>135</volume>
<page-range>e994-e1001</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Willcutt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Neurotherapeutics]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>490-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matute]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-Dueñas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ML]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chamorro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolaños]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Características del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en escolares mexicanos de acuerdo con la percepción de los padres]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Suma Psicol]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>101-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shaw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eckstrand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>104</volume>
<page-range>19649-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joffre-Velázquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Maldonado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez-Perales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trastorno por déficit de la atención e hiperactividad. Un estudio descriptivo en niños mexicanos atendidos en un hospital psiquiátrico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<page-range>153-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Homman-Ludiye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bryson-Richardson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The role of ADHD associated genes in neurodevelopment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dev Biol]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>438</volume>
<page-range>69-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gorga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad y el mejoramiento cognitivo. ¿Cuál es la responsabilidad del médico?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Bioét]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>241-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
