<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1139-7632</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Pediatría Atención Primaria]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1139-7632</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1139-76322020000300017</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Libertad parental como barrera frente a la publicidad de productos alimentarios malsanos dirigidos al público infantil]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Parental freedom as a barrier to the advertising of unhealthy food products aimed at children]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ojuelos Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basulto Marset]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Proyecto SPenT. Universitat de Lleida Asociación Iberoamericana de Derecho, Cultura y Ambiente ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lleida ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universitat de Vic, Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC) Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y el Bienestar ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>86</numero>
<fpage>e65</fpage>
<lpage>e80</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1139-76322020000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1139-76322020000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1139-76322020000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Es indudable que los niños y adolescentes requieren protección frente a las prácticas dañosas. Los menores son vulnerables al marketing depredador e inherentemente explotador que se produce en un contexto de incumplimiento masivo de las normas. Aunque los progenitores no tienen conocimientos nutricionales o sanitarios suficientes, valoran en gran medida la salud de los niños y cambian sus hábitos de compra cuando el etiquetado les revela con claridad los elementos malsanos de un producto. Sin embargo, la libertad de los progenitores de rechazar la oferta de alimentos malsanos no es un mecanismo de protección eficaz, porque el mensaje publicitario de alimentos malsanos es normalmente engañoso. En lo jurídico, situar el debate en el plano de la libertad es falsearlo. Con carácter previo al momento de la elección, se ha producido una infracción del derecho a la libertad de empresa o a la libertad de expresión mercantil, dado que solo amparan la realización de publicidad leal, veraz y lícita. Se debe, por tanto, resolver la situación de ilegalidad en la que se ha instalado la publicidad de alimentos malsanos, por la infracción continuada del artículo 4 del Reglamento 1924/2006 y los masivos incumplimientos del código de autorregulación, en fraude de la Ley de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición. También se debe limitar la incitación, sugerencia o invitación a realizar actividades nocivas cuando dicho carácter sea falseado con sugerencias que, en otros ámbitos de la presentación alimentaria, los Tribunales entienden suficientes para producir riesgo de confusión.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Undoubtedly, children and adolescents require protection against harmful practices. Minors are vulnerable to predatory and inherently exploitative marketing that occurs in a context of massive rule breaking. Although parents do not have enough nutrition or medical expertise, they value children's health highly and change their buying habits when labelling clearly reveals the unhealthy elements of a product. However, the freedom of parents to reject the offer of unhealthy food is not an effective protection mechanism, because the advertising message of unhealthy food is usually misleading. In the legal sense, setting the debate on the plane of freedom forges the debate. Prior to the moment of the election, there has been an infringement of the right to freedom of enterprise or freedom of commercial expression, given that they only cover the making of honest, truthful and lawful advertising. Therefore, the unlawful status in which the advertising of unhealthy foods has been established must be resolved, due to the continued infringement of Article 4 of Regulation 1924/2006 and the massive breaches of the self-regulation codes, in fraud of the Law of Food Security and Nutrition. The incitement, proposition or invitation to carry out harmful activities should also be limited when said character is misrepresented with suggestions that, in other areas of food presentation, the Courts consider them enough to give rise to the risk of confusion.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Legislación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Obesidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Responsabilidad parental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Industria alimentaria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Alimentos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Mercadeo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Legislation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Obesity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[parental responsibility]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Food industry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Food]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Marketing]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lax marketing regulations contribute to obesity crisis in children. 18 de junio de 2013]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[OMS]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dictamen CESE]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Marketing of foods high in fat, salt and sugar to children: update 2012-2013]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[OMS]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Alocución de apertura pronunciada en la tercera reunión de la Comisión para Acabar con la Obesidad Infantil, Región Administrativa Especial de Hong Kong, 22 de junio de 2015]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[OMS]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Building momentum: lessons on implementing robust restrictions of food and non-alcoholic beverage marketing to children. 2020]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[WCRF]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo 2003/2018, Sala Segunda, de 24 de mayo de 2018]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Consejo General del Poder Judicial]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Platero Alcón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La patria potestad vs. el menor online: una ponderación de derechos constante]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista La Propiedad Inmaterial]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>23</volume>
<page-range>171-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Consejos de comunicación para padres]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Psychological Association]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Más sobre la salud infantil y la publicidad alimentaria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Concisate]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dixon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scully]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parkinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pester power: snackfoods displayed at supermarket checkouts in Melbourne, Australia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Health Promot J Austr]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>124-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Henry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borzekowski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DLG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The nag factor]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Child Media]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>298-317</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basulto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Qué hago si mi hijo tiene exceso de peso?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Consumer]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez Pardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Megías Quirós]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez San Julián]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Jóvenes y publicidad. Valores en la comunicación publicitaria para jóvenes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[FAD-INJUVE,Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kelly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yeatman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boyland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Food marketing influences children's attitudes, preferences and consumption: a systematic critical review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nutrients]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>875</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Veerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Beeck]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barendregt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mackenbach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[By how much would limiting TV food advertising reduce childhood obesity?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur J Public Health]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>365-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Building momentum: lessons on implementing robust restrictions of food and non-alcoholic beverage marketing to children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World Cancer Research Fund International]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alfonso Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Vulnerabilidad de los menores ante la publicidad: aplicación del Código PAOS]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Valladolid]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ojuelos Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El derecho de la nutrición]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>155</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Salamanca ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Amarante]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Menéndez García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Franco Díez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Publicidad y alimentación: influencia de los anuncios gráficos en las pautas alimentarias de infancia y adolescencia]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nutr Hosp]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>318-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Royo Bordonada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MÁ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez Artalejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Compliance with self-regulation of television food and beverage advertising aimed at children in Spain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Health Nutr]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>1013-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León-Flández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rico-Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moya-Geromin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MÁ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero-Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bosqued-Estefania]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Damián]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluation of compliance with the Spanish Code of self-regulation of food and drinks advertising directed at children under the age of 12 years in Spain, 2012]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Health]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>150</volume>
<page-range>121-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Royo Bordonada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MÁ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evaluación de la publicidad alimentaria del canal de televisión infantil Boing en España en 2016]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>369-77</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Conjunto de recomendaciones sobre la promoción de alimentos y bebidas no alcohólicas dirigida a los niños]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[OMS]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia, Sala 5.ª, Gut Springenheide GmbH - Rudolf Tusky, de 16 de julio de 1998, asunto C-210/96]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[InfoCuria Jurisprudencia]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia, Sala 5.ª, Mars GmbH, de 6 de julio de 1995, asunto C-470/93]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[EUR-Lex]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González Vaqué]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La noción de consumidor medio según la jurisprudencia del TJCE]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Dialnet]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The New Nutrition Facts Label. Examples of Different Label Formats]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[FDA]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cuadrado-Soto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peral-Suárez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Á]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aparicio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Sobaler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sources of dietary sodium in food and beverages consumed by Spanish schoolchildren between 7 and 11 years old by the degree of processing and the nutritional profile]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nutrients]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>1880</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pareja Sierra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roura Carvajal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milà-Villarroel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adot Caballero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estudio y promoción de hábitos alimentarios saludables y de actividad física entre los adolescentes españoles: programa tas (tú y Alicia por la salud)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nutr Hosp]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<page-range>121-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Latasa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Louzada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez Steele]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monteiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Added sugars and ultra-processed foods in Spanish households (1990-2010)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur J Clin Nutr]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>72</volume>
<page-range>1404-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[Ley de alimentos, 3.ª Etapa. Etiquetado Nutricional]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio de Salud, Gobierno de Chile]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Araya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Noton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwartz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Identifying Food Labeling Effects on Consumer Behavior]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[SSRN Electron J]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[Informe de evaluación de la implementación de la ley sobre composición]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Gobierno de Chile]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tierney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallagher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giotis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ES]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pentieva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An online survey on consumer knowledge and understanding of added sugars]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nutrients]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mötteli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siegrist]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barbey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bucher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Consumers' practical understanding of healthy food choices: a fake food experiment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br J Nutr]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>116</volume>
<page-range>559-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Utter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eyles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours related to dietary salt intake in high-income countries: a systematic review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Nutr Rep]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>183</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Persoskie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hennessy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[US consumers' understanding of nutrition labels in 2013: the importance of health literacy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Prev Chronic Dis]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>14</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soederberg Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cassidy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The effects of nutrition knowledge on food label use]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Appetite]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>92</volume>
<page-range>207-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buckton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lean]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Combet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Language is the source of misunderstandings--impact of terminology on public perceptions of health promotion messages]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Public Health]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>579</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hilliard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Advertising watchdog criticised over junk food marketing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Irish Times]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krueger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hummer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mortality Attributable to Low Levels of Education in the United States]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS One]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>e0131809</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gracia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El consumidor y los alimentos con declaraciones nutricionales y de propiedades saludables. Presentación de estudio con datos procedentes de encuestas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dixon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scully]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wakefield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kelly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chapman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donovan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Parent's responses to nutrient claims and sports celebrity endorsements on energy-dense and nutrient-poor foods: an experimental study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Health Nutr]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<page-range>1071-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Artículos 4.6, 4.7.b) y 12.f) de la Ley de Ordenación de las Profesiones Sanitarias. BOE núm. 280 de 22/11/2003]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BOE]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harvard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Why medical schools need to teach nutrition]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Chan School of Public Health]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barnard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ND]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ignorance of nutrition is no longer defensible]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA Intern Med]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>179</volume>
<page-range>1021-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mozaffarian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Foods, nutrients, and health: when will our policies catch up with nutrition science? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>85-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mozaffarian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Angell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Role of government policy in nutrition-barriers to and opportunities for healthier eating]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>361</volume>
<page-range>k2426</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>49</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Galán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Magistris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Preferencias hacia los alimentos más saludables: el caso de los quesos con bajo contenido de grasa y/o de sal]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>50</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Royo-Bordonada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MÁ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Manual docente de la Escuela Nacional de Sanidad]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>51</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wanders]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alssema]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Willet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Intake of individual saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: two prospective longitudinal cohort studies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>355</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<label>52</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>393</volume>
<page-range>1958-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<label>53</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nestle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Food industry funding of nutrition research: the relevance of history for current debates]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA Intern Med]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>176</volume>
<page-range>1685-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<label>54</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chandon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wansink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Does food marketing need to make us fat? A review and solutions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nutr Rev]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<page-range>571-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<label>55</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gracia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Alimentación y alimentos saludables en Aragón]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<label>56</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Cancer Research UK</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Why are we comparing obesity to smoking in our new adverts?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[YouTube]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<label>57</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What causes obesity?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cancer Research UK]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<label>58</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Modelo de perfil de nutrientes de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Organización Panamericana de la Salud]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<label>59</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[WHO Regional Office for Europe Nutrient Profile Model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[OMS]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<label>60</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Recomendaciones para la prevención del cáncer]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Fondo Mundial para la Investigación del Cáncer]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<label>61</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mariné Font]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Influencia de las políticas de impuestos y subvenciones en la calidad de la dieta]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colomer Xena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clotet Ballús]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González Vaqué]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El Sistema Alimentario. Globalización, sostenibilidad, seguridad y cultura alimentaria.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<page-range>373</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Pamplona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Aranzadi]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<label>62</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (Sala Cuarta) de 2 de mayo de 2019, asunto C614/17]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[InfoCuria Jurisprudencia]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<label>63</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[STS 451/2019 (ROJ STS 2464/2019)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Consejo General del Poder Judicial]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<label>64</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[ROJ STS 7078/2002]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Consejo General del Poder Judicial]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<label>65</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[ROJ STS 6011/2003]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Consejo General del Poder Judicial]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<label>66</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Núñez Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El Tribunal Constitucional y las libertades del artículo 20 de la Constitución Española]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Derecho UNED]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>289-317</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<label>67</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[STC 139/1995, de 26 de septiembre]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Tribunal Constitucional de España]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<label>68</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álfaro Águila-Real]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Solo las personas tienen derechos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Almacén de Derecho]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<label>69</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[STC 104/2014, de 23 de junio]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Tribunal Constitucional de España]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<label>70</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Parágrafo número 51 de la STJUE en el asunto C-71/02.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[InfoCuria Jurisprudencia]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<label>71</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Parágrafo número 27 de la STJUE en el asunto Asunto C-421/07]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[EUR-Lex]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<label>72</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[STC 225/1993, de 8 de julio]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Tribunal Constitucional de España]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B73">
<label>73</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[ROJ STS 3378/2006]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Consejo General del Poder Judicial]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
