<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1885-642X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Pharmacy Practice (Granada)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Pharmacy Pract (Granada)]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1885-642X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Investigaciones y Publicaciones Farmacéuticas]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1885-642X2019000400008</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18549/pharmpract.2019.4.1604</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Antibiotic prescribing for acute uncomplicated cystitis in Lebanese community pharmacies using a simulated patient]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yaacoub]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sally G]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koyess]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Valerie]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lahoud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nathalie]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aa "/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Af0"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rahme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Deema]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Francis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nicole]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saleh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nadine]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aa "/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Af0"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patrick]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aa "/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Af0"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Lebanese University Faculty of Public Health ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Fanar ]]></addr-line>
<country>Lebanon</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Lebanese University Faculty of Public Health ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Fanar ]]></addr-line>
<country>Lebanon</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A3a">
<institution><![CDATA[,National Institute of Public Health Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Lebanon</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A3b">
<institution><![CDATA[,Lebanese University Faculty of Pharmacy ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Hadat ]]></addr-line>
<country>Lebanon</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,Beirut Arab University Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Practice]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Beirut ]]></addr-line>
<country>Lebanon</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution><![CDATA[,Lebanese University Faculty of Public Health ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Fanar ]]></addr-line>
<country>Lebanon</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A06">
<institution><![CDATA[,Lebanese University Faculty of Pharmacy ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Hadat ]]></addr-line>
<country>Lebanon</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A7a">
<institution><![CDATA[,Paris-Est Health-Work Institute  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A7b">
<institution><![CDATA[,Créteil Intercommunal Hospital Center  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Créteil ]]></addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1885-642X2019000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1885-642X2019000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1885-642X2019000400008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ Background: Urinary tract infections are considered as one of the most frequent bacterial infections in the community and hospital settings. In this era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial stewardship has become highly important in the struggle to preserve the effectiveness of available drugs. One the main causes of antibiotic resistance is the inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics; which evidence show that community pharmacists contribute to.  Objective: This study aims to evaluate antibiotic prescribing rate and responses of the contact persons in community pharmacies and to assess the conformity of the prescribed antibiotics with international guidelines. It also aims to evaluate the responses with sociodemographic characteristics.  Methods: A cross-sectional, nationwide study conducted between February and May 2017 using a simulated patient case of acute uncomplicated cystitis. Two hundred fifty pharmacies were included. Descriptive data was reported for the medications prescribed, conformity, questions asked and counseling. Bivariate analysis using the Pearson chi-squared, Fisher&#8217;s exact and Student&#8217;s t-tests were used to identify possible factors affecting the prescribing rates and responses in community pharmacies.  Results: The prescribing rate of antibiotics was 83.6% (n=209) with ciprofloxacin being the most prescribed (50.2%, n=105). The global conformity to international guidelines was 3.8% (n=8) with the highest conformity rate for the antibiotic choice (91.4%, n=191). Counseling about what to do in case symptoms persist was 12.8% (n=32) and that of non-pharmacological management was 53.6% (n=134). Male participants (88.1%) had a higher prescribing rate than female participants (77.6%) (p&lt;0.05). The number of questions asked was higher in pharmacists and in female participants (p&lt;0.05). Other results showed non-significant differences in diagnosis, antibiotic prescribing, conformity rates, referral rates and counseling points between the pharmacists and assistants.  Conclusions: The high antibiotic prescribing rate in Lebanese community pharmacies is alarming and calls for action. This should be tackled by legislative bodies, which should enforce laws that restrict such practices.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Anti-Bacterial Agents]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Urinary Tract Infections]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Inappropriate Prescribing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Prescription Drug Overuse]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Antimicrobial Stewardship]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Drug Resistance Bacterial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Professional Practice]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pharmacies]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pharmacists]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Counseling]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Referral and Consultation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Patient Simulation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cross-Sectional Studies]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Lebanon]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>IDSA</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Uncomplicated Cystitis and Pyelonephritis (UTI)]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Urinary tract infections due to multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae: prevalence and risk factors in a Chicago emergency department]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khawcharoenporn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vasoo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Emerg Med Int]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>2013</volume>
<page-range>258517</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-positive Escherichia coli causing complicated upper urinary tract infection: Urologist should act in time]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Picozzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SCM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casellato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rossini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tejada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carmignani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Urol Ann]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>107-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>WHO</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Antibiotic resistance]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evolution and ecology of antibiotic resistance genes]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aminov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mackie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RI]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[FEMS Microbiol Lett]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>271</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>147-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Critical shortage of new antibiotics in development against multidrug-resistant bacteria-Time to react is now]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Freire-Moran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aronsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gyssens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[So]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monnet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cars]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<collab>ECDC-EMA Working Group</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Drug Resist Updat]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>118-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>WHO</collab>
<source><![CDATA[WHO's first global report on antibiotic resistance reveals serious, worldwide threat to public health]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[WHO]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The antibiotic alarm]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>495</volume>
<numero>7440</numero>
<issue>7440</issue>
<page-range>141</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Self-medication with antibiotics in Jordanian population]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Azzam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Husein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alzoubi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masadeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Horani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MAS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Occup Med Environ Health]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>373-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ventola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[P T]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>277-83</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[Get Smart About Antibiotics]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CDC]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Non prescribed sale of antibiotics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross sectional study]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bin Abdulhak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Altannir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almansor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almohaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Onazi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aldossary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[OF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Obeidat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Obeidat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tleyjeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Public Health]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>538</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dispensing of non-prescribed antibiotics in Jordan]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almaaytah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mukattash]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hajaj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Patient Prefer Adherence]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>1389-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The sale of antibiotics without prescription in pharmacies in Catalonia, Spain]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cots]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1345-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[International Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis and Pyelonephritis in Women: A 2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gupta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hooton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Naber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wullt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nicolle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schaeffer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<collab>Infectious Diseases Society of America</collab>
<collab>European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>e103-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grabe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Guidelines on Urological Infections]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[European Association of Urology]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis - American Family Physician]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Antibiotic Prescribing Rate in Lebanese Community Pharmacies: A Nationwide Patient-Simulated Study of Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yaacoub]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lahoud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Francis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rahme]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saleh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Epidemiol Glob Health]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>44-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Antibiotic dispensation by Lebanese pharmacists: a comparison of higher and lower socio-economic levels]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lahoud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salameh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saleh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Infect Public Health]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>37-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Low sale of antibiotics without prescription: a cross-sectional study in Zimbabwean private pharmacies]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nyazema]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Viberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vyas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumaranayake]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tomson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lundborg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Antimicrob Chemother]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>718-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Assessment of self-medication in population buying antibiotics in pharmacies: a pilot study from Beirut and its suburbs]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheaito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azizi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saleh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salameh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Public Health]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>59</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>319-27</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Empirical treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection by community pharmacist in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Ghamdi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Saudi Med J]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>1105-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dispensing of non-prescribed antibiotics in Jordan]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almaaytah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mukattash]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hajaj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Patient Prefer Adherence]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>1389-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Perceptions in the community about the use of antibiotics without a prescription: Exploring ideas behind this practice]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aponte-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Acuña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lopez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eslava-Schmalbach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pharm Pract (Granada)]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1394</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A method to assess seasonality of urinary tract infections based on medication sales and google trends]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rossignol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pelat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lambert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flahault]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chartier-Kastler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanslik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS One]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>e76020</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pharmacists Views and Practices in Regard to Sales of Antibiotics Without a Prescription in Madinah, Saudi Arabia]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bahnassi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Patient Saf]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>159-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The antimicrobial resistance crisis: causes, consequences, and management]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Michael]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dominey-Howes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labbate]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Front Public Health]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>145</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Self-medication: A current challenge]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bennadi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Basic Clin Pharm]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>19-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Antibiotics and pregnancy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[del Fiol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F Sá]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerenutti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Groppo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pharmazie]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>483-93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Selling antimicrobials without prescription - Far beyond an administrative problem]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guinovart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Llor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>290-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pharmacy-based dispensing of antimicrobial agents without prescription in India: appropriateness and cost burden in the private sector]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sundaresan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Forsberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Antimicrob Resist Infect Control]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<source><![CDATA[Acute uncomplicated cystitis in women]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UpToDate]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Influence of pharmacists' opinions on their dispensing medicines without requirement of a doctor's prescription]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caamaño]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tomé-Otero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takkouche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gestal-Otero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gac Sanit]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>9-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Knowledge of pharmacists and parents towards antibiotic use in pediatrics: a cross-sectional study in Lebanon]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zahreddine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hallit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shakaroun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Hajje]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Awada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lahoud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pharm Pract (Granada)]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1194</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Seasonality and Physician-related Factors Associated with Antibiotic Prescribing: A Cross-sectional Study in Isfahan, Iran]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Safaeian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahdanian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salami]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pakmehr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mansourian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Prev Med]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>1</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Lebanese Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Guidelines for the treatment of urinary tract infections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JML / LMj]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
