<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1886-144X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Psicothema]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Psicothema]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1886-144X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos del Principado de Asturias]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1886-144X2025000100001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.70478/psicothema.2025.37.01</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A scale for evaluating the methodological quality of studies based on observational methodology]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Una escala para la evaluación de la calidad metodológica de estudios basados en metodología observacional]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanduvete-Chaves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Arenas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anguera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M Teresa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chacón-Moscoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Salvador]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Sevilla  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Barcelona  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Chile  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>10</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1886-144X2025000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1886-144X2025000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1886-144X2025000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract:  Background: To date, no studies have shown validity evidence of a scale that measures the methodological quality of studies based on observational methodology (SBOM). This study presents validity evidence of the Methodological Quality Scale for Studies based on Observational Methodology (MQSOM) based on its internal structure.  Method: MQSOM was applied to 650 journal articles that used observational methodology. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was calculated to obtain evidence of inter- and intracoder reliability. Parallel analysis was done using optimal implementation to study the dimensionality of the scale before conducting an exploratory factor analysis with a randomly-selected half of the sample, followed by a confirmatory factor analysis with the remaining half.  Results: Both inter- and intra-coder reliability were adequate, ICC &gt; .73. Parallel analysis suggested a lack of unidimensionality, UniCo = .41; ECV = .31. A second-order factor structure (general factor: Methodological quality) with two first-order factors (F1 Design, F2 Measurement and Analysis) was obtained, RMSEA = 0.000, NNFI = 1, GFI = .98, AGFI = .97, with adequate reliability and discrimination results.  Conclusions: MQSOM is a short (11 items), useful instrument for professionals, researchers or assessment commissions when designing, implementing, or evaluating SBOM.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen:  Antecedentes: Hasta donde conocemos, hay escasa evidencia de validez de escalas para medir calidad metodológica de estudios basados en metodología observacional (EBMO). Se presentan evidencias de validez de la Escala de Calidad Metodológica (MQSOM) para EBMO en base a su estructura interna.  Método: Se aplicó MQSOM a 650 artículos que emplearon metodología observacional. Se calculó el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) para la fiabilidad inter e intracodificadores. Se realizó un análisis paralelo mediante implementación óptima para estudiar su dimensionalidad. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio con media muestra obtenida aleatoriamente, seguido de un análisis factorial confirmatorio con la otra mitad.  Resultados: La fiabilidad inter e intra codificador fueron adecuadas (CCI &gt; ,73). El análisis paralelo sugirió multidimensionalidad (UniCo = .41, ECV = .31). Se obtuvo una estructura factorial de segundo orden (factor general: Calidad metodológica) con dos factores de primer orden (F1 Diseño y F2 Medición y análisis), RMSEA = 0.000, NNFI = 1, GFI = .98, AGFI = .97, con adecuados resultados en fiabilidad y discriminación.  Conclusiones: MQSOM es un instrumento breve (11 ítems), útil para profesionales de la intervención, investigadores o comisiones de valoración, para diseñar, implementar o evaluar EBMO.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Methodological quality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Scale]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Studies based on observational methodology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Validity evidence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Reliability]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Calidad metodológica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Escala]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estudios basados en metodología observacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Evidencias de validez]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Fiabilidad]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anguera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Observational methods (General)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández-Ballesteros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Encyclopedia of psychological assessment]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>632-7</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anguera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanco-Villaseñor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Losada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Portell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guidelines for designing and conducting a study that applies observational methodology]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anuario de Psicología]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>9-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anguera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanco-Villaseñor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Losada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Algarra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Integración de elementos cualitativos y cuantitativos en metodología observacional]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ámbitos: Revista Internacional de Comunicación]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<page-range>49-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anguera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camerino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castañer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mixed methods procedures and designs for research on sport, physical education and dance]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Camerino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castañer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anguera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Mixed methods research in the movement sciences: Case studies in sport, physical education and dance]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>3-27</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Argudo-Iturriaga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcí-Marín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borges-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruíz-Lara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of rules changes on water polo shooting performance according to the final classification: High, medium, and worst level]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Physical Education and Sport]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>188-200</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bakeman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Untangling streams of behavior: Sequential analysis of observation data]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sackett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Observing behavior: Vol. 2. Data collection and analysis methods]]></source>
<year>1978</year>
<page-range>63-78</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Park Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barbero-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Psicometría II. Métodos de elaboración de escalas]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNED]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barbero-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vila-Abad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holgado-Tello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Psicometría]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sanz y Torres]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bartlett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A note on multiplying factors for various chi-squared approximations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[rnal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B]]></source>
<year>1954</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>296-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanco-Villaseñor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Losada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anguera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Data analysis techniques in observational designs applied to the environment-behavior relation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Medio Ambiente y Comportamiento Humano]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>111-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chacón-Moscoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anguera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanduvete-Chaves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Losada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Portell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Methodological quality checklist for studies based on observational methodology (MQCOM)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psicothema]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>458-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chacón-Moscoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anguera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanduvete-Chaves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Martín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Methodological convergence of program evaluation designs]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psicothema]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>91-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chacón-Moscoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanduvete-Chaves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anguera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Losada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Portell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lozano-Lozano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Preliminary checklist for reporting observational studies in sports areas: Content validity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Frontiers in Psychology]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>9</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chacón-Moscoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanduvete-Chaves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lozano-Lozano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Portell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anguera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[From randomized control trial to mixed methods: A practical framework for program evaluation based on methodological quality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Anales de Psicología]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>599-608</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chacón-Moscoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanduvete-Chaves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Portell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anguera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reporting a program evaluation: Needs, program plan, intervention, and decisions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>58-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cochran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chambers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The planning of observational studies of human populations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General)]]></source>
<year>1965</year>
<volume>128</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>234-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrando]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lorenzo-Seva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Program FACTOR at 10: Origins, development, and future directions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psicothema]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>236-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrando]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lorenzo-Seva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Assessing the quality and appropriateness of factor solutions and factor score estimates in exploratory item factor analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Educational and Psychological Measurement]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<page-range>762-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Field]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sage]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harrison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reilly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Creswell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Methodological rigor in mixed methods: An application in management studies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Mixed Methods Research]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>473-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holgado-Tello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chacón-Moscoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barbero-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vila-Abad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Polychoric versus Pearson correlations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of ordinal variables]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Quality &amp; Quantity]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>153-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holgado-Tello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suárez-Falcón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morata-Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, desde el "path analysis" al análisis multigrupo: una guía práctica con LISREL]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sanz y Torres]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hooper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coughlan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mullen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<page-range>56-60</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaiser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rice]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Little Jiffy, Mark Iv]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Educational and Psychological Measurement]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>111-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kalkbrenner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Alpha, omega, and h internal consistency reliability estimates: Reviewing these options and when to use them]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>77-88</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lappi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rinkkala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pekkanen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Systematic observation of an expert driver&#8217;s gaze strategy-an on-road case study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Frontiers in Psychology]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>8</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lapresa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santesteban]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anguera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aragón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Observation system for analyzing individual boccia BC3]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>721-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leech]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Onwuegbuzie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guidelines for conducting and reporting mixed research in the field of counseling and beyond]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Counseling &amp; Development]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>61-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maciá]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Córdoba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gallardo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analysis of the safety and accessibility of sports facilities in secondary school]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>242-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonseca-Pedrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ten steps for test development]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psicothema]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>7-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Page]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKenzie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bossuyt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boutron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hoffmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mulrow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shamseer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tetzlaff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brennan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glanville]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grimshaw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hróbjartsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lalu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayo-Wilson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McDonald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Surgery]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>88</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Portell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anguera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chacón-Moscoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanduvete-Chaves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guidelines for reporting evaluations based on observational methodology]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psicothema]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>283-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Portney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Foundations of clinical research: Applications to practice]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Prentice Hall]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Meca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis en educación: un tutorial]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[RiiTE Revista Interuniversitaria de Investigación en Tecnología Educativa]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>5-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanduvete-Chaves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lozano-Lozano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chacón-Moscoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holgado-Tello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Development of a work climate scale in emergency health services]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Frontiers in Psychology]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>9</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hileno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solsona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sáez de Ocáriz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[T-Patterns initiated with ball screen or one-on-one in basketball]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Sport Psychology]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>Suppl. 1</numero>
<issue>Suppl. 1</issue>
<page-range>81-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[von Elm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Altman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Effer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pocock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gotzsche]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vandenbroucke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bulletin of World Health Organization]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>867-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
