<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1886-144X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Psicothema]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Psicothema]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1886-144X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos del Principado de Asturias]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1886-144X2025000400001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.70478/psicothema.2025.37.24</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Likert Scales: A Practical Guide to Design, Construction and Use]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Escalas Likert: Una Guía Práctica para su Diseño, Construcción y Uso]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrando]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pere J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales-Vives]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fabia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universitat Rovira i Virgili Departament de Psicologia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Nebrija University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>15</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1886-144X2025000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1886-144X2025000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1886-144X2025000400001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT  Background: Likert-type scales, first introduced by Rensis Likert in 1932, have become one of the most widely used assessment tools across a range of scientific and professional domains, owing to their simplicity and effectiveness. The purpose of the present study is to critically review their use and to propose a set of practical guidelines aimed at optimizing their construction, analysis, and application.  Method: A systematic literature review of guidelines focused on the development, analysis, scoring, use, and interpretation of Likert scales was carried out.  Results: Several key areas for improvement in the construction and use of Likert-type scales were identified, including the operational definition of constructs, item formulation, selection of the number of response categories, response analysis, collection of validity evidence, item calibration, and score interpretation.  Conclusions: Based on the findings, a practical guide comprising fifteen recommendations is proposed: ten focused on the appropriate design, construction, and analysis of Likert scales, and five aimed at guiding appropriate use of pre-existing scales by researchers and practitioners.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Antecedentes: Las escalas tipo Likert fueron propuestas por Rensis Likert en 1932. Dada su sencillez y eficacia son uno de los instrumentos de evaluación más utilizados en muchas áreas científicas y profesionales. El objetivo del presente trabajo es revisar su utilización y proponer unas directrices prácticas para guiar su construcción, análisis y uso adecuados.  Método: Se llevó a cabo una revisión crítica y sistemática de los trabajos y directrices publicados sobre la construcción, análisis, puntuación, uso e interpretación de las escalas Likert.  Resultados: Se identificaron distintos aspectos de la construcción y del uso de las escalas tipo Likert que son susceptibles de mejora, como son la definición de los constructos a medir, la formulación de los ítems, el número de categorías, los análisis de las respuestas, las evidencias de validez aportadas, la calibración de los ítems, y la interpretación de los resultados.  Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos se sintetizan en una guía práctica para investigadores y profesionales, compuesta por quince recomendaciones, diez centradas en el diseño, la construcción y el análisis adecuado de las escalas, y cinco encaminadas a guiar a los usuarios en la utilización adecuada de las escalas ya existentes.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Likert]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Guidelines]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Scales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Psychometrics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Likert]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Directrices]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Escalas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Psicometría]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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