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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1886-5887</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Bioética y Derecho]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Bioética y Derecho]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1886-5887</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Observatori de Bioètica i Dret - Cátedra UNESCO de Bioética]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1886-58872014000100006</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4321/S1886-58872014000100006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Bioética consolidada: abordaje histórico a más de 40 años de surgimiento]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Consolidated bioethics: historical approach at 40 years of its birth]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mariel Actis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Outomuro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Delia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de Medicina Departamento de Humanidades Médicas]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de Medicina Instituto de Bioética]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Buenos Aires. ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>30</numero>
<fpage>77</fpage>
<lpage>91</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1886-58872014000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1886-58872014000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1886-58872014000100006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[En este trabajo realizamos un abordaje histórico sobre algunos aspectos relacionados con el surgimiento, evolución y consolidación disciplinaria de la bioética. Nos centramos en analizar el número de publicaciones que contuvieran el vocablo bioética desde 1971 hasta 2011, analizamos brevemente la temática preponderante en cada año en ese período y el registro de revistas indexadas que contuvieran el término Bioética, tanto en inglés como en español. Se constató que el número de publicaciones con el término bioética fue de 1 en 1971 creciendo hasta 2997 en 2011. Se registraron 31 revistas que cumplían con el requisito de búsqueda, desde el año 1976, de las cuales 23 continúan publicándose. Respecto de las temáticas preponderantes, más allá de los temas habituales como aborto, eutanasia, transplantes, etc., se destacan los aportes en torno a la educación de los profesionales en el tema, la creación y sostenimiento de los comités de bioética, la vinculación de la bioética con la política y los medios de comunicación, hasta el surgimiento en los últimos años de subespecializaciones tales como la neurobioética.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[In this paper we attempt a historical approach on some aspects related to the emergence, evolution and consolidation of Bioethics as a discipline. We focus on analyzing the number of publications containing the word Bioethics from 1971 to 2011. We analyze briefly the dominant theme in every year in that period and also the registering indexed journals containing the term Bioethics in English or Spanish. We found that the number of publications with the term bioethics was 1 in 1971 rising to 2997 in 2011. There were 31 journals that met the search requirement, since 1976, of which 23 are still running. Regarding the prevailing theme, beyond the usual topics such as abortion, euthanasia, transplants, etc., highlights the contributions around the education of professionals in the field, the creation and maintenance of bioethic committees, the linking between Bioethics and politics and the media, and the emergence of subspecialties such as Neurobioethics in recent years.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Bioética]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[historia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[revistas de bioética]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[publicaciones sobre bioética]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Bioethics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[history]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bioethical journals]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bioethical articles]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>ARTÍCULO</b></font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="4"><b>Bio&eacute;tica consolidada: abordaje hist&oacute;rico a m&aacute;s de 40 a&ntilde;os de surgimiento</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="4"><b>Consolidated bioethics: historical approach at 40 years of its birth</b></font>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Andrea Mariel Actis<sup>1</sup> y Delia Outomuro<sup>2</sup></b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><sup>1</sup>Jefa de Trabajos Pr&aacute;cticos del Dto. de Humanidades M&eacute;dicas de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. <a href="mailto:andrea_actis@hotmail.com">andrea_actis@hotmail.com</a>    <br><sup>2</sup>Profesora Regular Adjunta de Medicina Interna y de Bio&eacute;tica de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Directora del Instituto de Bio&eacute;tica de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. <a href="mailto:doutomuro@fmed.uba.ar">doutomuro@fmed.uba.ar</a></font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p> <hr size="1">     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>RESUMEN</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">En este trabajo realizamos un abordaje hist&oacute;rico sobre algunos aspectos relacionados con el surgimiento, evoluci&oacute;n y consolidaci&oacute;n disciplinaria de la bio&eacute;tica. Nos centramos en analizar el n&uacute;mero de publicaciones que contuvieran el vocablo bio&eacute;tica desde 1971 hasta 2011, analizamos brevemente la tem&aacute;tica preponderante en cada a&ntilde;o en ese per&iacute;odo y el registro de revistas indexadas que contuvieran el t&eacute;rmino Bio&eacute;tica, tanto en ingl&eacute;s como en espa&ntilde;ol. Se constat&oacute; que el n&uacute;mero de publicaciones con el t&eacute;rmino bio&eacute;tica fue de 1 en 1971 creciendo hasta 2997 en 2011. Se registraron 31 revistas que cumpl&iacute;an con el requisito de b&uacute;squeda, desde el a&ntilde;o 1976, de las cuales 23 contin&uacute;an public&aacute;ndose. Respecto de las tem&aacute;ticas preponderantes, m&aacute;s all&aacute; de los temas habituales como aborto, eutanasia, transplantes, etc., se destacan los aportes en torno a la educaci&oacute;n de los profesionales en el tema, la creaci&oacute;n y sostenimiento de los comit&eacute;s de bio&eacute;tica, la vinculaci&oacute;n de la bio&eacute;tica con la pol&iacute;tica y los medios de comunicaci&oacute;n, hasta el surgimiento en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os de subespecializaciones tales como la neurobio&eacute;tica.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Palabras clave:</b> Bio&eacute;tica; historia; revistas de bio&eacute;tica; publicaciones sobre bio&eacute;tica.</font></p> <hr size="1">     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>ABSTRACT</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">In this paper we attempt a historical approach on some aspects related to the emergence, evolution and consolidation of Bioethics as a discipline. We focus on analyzing the number of publications containing the word Bioethics from 1971 to 2011. We analyze briefly the dominant theme in every year in that period and also the registering indexed journals containing the term Bioethics in English or Spanish. We found that the number of publications with the term bioethics was 1 in 1971 rising to 2997 in 2011. There were 31 journals that met the search requirement, since 1976, of which 23 are still running. Regarding the prevailing theme, beyond the usual topics such as abortion, euthanasia, transplants, etc., highlights the contributions around the education of professionals in the field, the creation and maintenance of bioethic committees, the linking between Bioethics and politics and the media, and the emergence of subspecialties such as Neurobioethics in recent years.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Key words:</b> Bioethics; history; bioethical journals; bioethical articles.</font></p> <hr size="1">     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Introducci&oacute;n</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Hace casi 50 a&ntilde;os, el 9 de noviembre de 1962, la revista norteamericana Life, publicaba un pol&eacute;mico art&iacute;culo, bajo la autor&iacute;a de Shana Alexander, titulado &ldquo;<i>They decide who lives, who dies</i>&rdquo;, cuya traducci&oacute;n es &ldquo;Ellos deciden quien vive, quien muere&rdquo;. Relataba la historia del primer comit&eacute;, establecido en la ciudad de Seattle, formado por un grupo de personas a quienes les tocar&iacute;a la dif&iacute;cil tarea de sopesar las caracter&iacute;sticas de aquellos pacientes que se ver&iacute;an beneficiados con una nueva pr&aacute;ctica m&eacute;dica: la hemodi&aacute;lisis. Para ese momento, el t&eacute;rmino &ldquo;bio&eacute;tica&rdquo; a&uacute;n no exist&iacute;a en la jerga m&eacute;dica, aunque se hablaba de una &eacute;tica profesional. Sin embargo, lo interesante de este primer hito, que para muchos es el hecho fundacional de esta disciplina, es que el comit&eacute; en cuesti&oacute;n estaba conformado por personas no m&eacute;dicas que tomaban decisiones sobre la vida, la muerte y el destino de otras personas (1). Tambi&eacute;n pone de manifiesto, que los avances cient&iacute;fico-tecnol&oacute;gicos son una de las causas que dieron origen a la bio&eacute;tica tal como lo plantea Mainetti (2).</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Verdana" size="2">En 2012, en ocasi&oacute;n del 50 aniversario de la creaci&oacute;n del Comit&eacute; de Seattle y dado que en 2011 se cumplieron 40 a&ntilde;os del vocablo &ldquo;bioethics&rdquo;, creemos oportuno un abordaje hist&oacute;rico de algunos aspectos relacionados con la evoluci&oacute;n y consolidaci&oacute;n de esta disciplinaria. Sin perjuicio de otras consideraciones, nos centraremos en la &oacute;rica del t&eacute;rmino &ldquo;bio&eacute;tica&rdquo;.</font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Materiales y m&eacute;todos</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Tomamos como criterios de an&aacute;lisis los siguientes aspectos:</font></p>     <blockquote>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">1. n&uacute;mero de publicaciones utilizando la palabra &ldquo;bio&eacute;tica&rdquo; en idioma ingl&eacute;s, esto es &ldquo;bioethics&rdquo;,</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">2. tem&aacute;tica bio&eacute;tica abordada en esas publicaciones seg&uacute;n los a&ntilde;os.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">3. aparici&oacute;n de revistas indexadas cuyo t&iacute;tulo contuviera la palabra &ldquo;bioethics&rdquo; o &ldquo;bio&eacute;tica&rdquo;.</font></p> </blockquote>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Se utiliz&oacute; la herramienta de internet Scirus, un megabuscador que analiza m&aacute;s de 440 millones de p&aacute;ginas web espec&iacute;ficas para ciencias, incluidos buscadores reconocidos tal como PubMed (3). Se accedi&oacute; al campo de b&uacute;squeda avanzada emple&aacute;ndose la palabra &ldquo;bioethics&rdquo; en el campo destinado a documento completo: de este modo se registraron todos los art&iacute;culos que contuvieran dicha palabra en cualquier parte del art&iacute;culo. Asimismo, se fue realizando una selecci&oacute;n a&ntilde;o a a&ntilde;o.</font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Resultados</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>1. Evoluci&oacute;n del n&uacute;mero de publicaciones conteniendo el vocablo &ldquo;bioethics&rdquo;.</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Se pudo constatar que previo a 1971 no hubo ning&uacute;n art&iacute;culo cient&iacute;fico indexado que utilice el vocablo &ldquo;bioethics&rdquo; en toda su extensi&oacute;n. En 1971, aparece una &uacute;nica publicaci&oacute;n, en la revista Nature, firmado por Steven Rose y bajo el t&iacute;tulo de Bioethics (4). Adem&aacute;s se publica el libro de 205 p&aacute;ginas cuyo autor es el conocido Van Rensselaer Potter, su famosa obra &ldquo;Bio&eacute;tica: un puente hacia el futuro&rdquo; (5).</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">En la <a href="#f1">figura 1</a> se observa la cantidad de art&iacute;culos que mencionan la palabra &ldquo;bioethics&rdquo; por a&ntilde;o desde 1971 a 2011. Pasando de 1 publicaci&oacute;n en 1971 a 2997 art&iacute;culos cient&iacute;ficos en 2011.</font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"><a name="f1"><img width="693" height="546" src="/img/revistas/bioetica/n30/original5_f1.gif"></a></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>2. Tem&aacute;tica y preocupaciones destacadas a lo largo de la historia de la bio&eacute;tica</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">En la <a target="_blank" href="/img/revistas/bioetica/n30/original5_t1.htm">Tabla 1</a> se presenta un breve an&aacute;lisis sobre la tem&aacute;tica representativa seg&uacute;n los a&ntilde;os, la cantidad de citas por a&ntilde;o y algunas referencias para avalar los hechos mencionados. Es destacar que siempre est&aacute;n los temas tradicionales, tales como aborto, eutanasia, transplantes; se citan en particular aquellos temas que han resultado novedosos o por dem&aacute;s movilizadores para la comunidad en general.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>3. Aparici&oacute;n y sostenimiento de revistas indexadas que contengan en el t&iacute;tulo de la revista la palabra &ldquo;bioethics&rdquo; o &ldquo;bio&eacute;tica&rdquo;</b></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Verdana" size="2">En la <a target="_blank" href="/img/revistas/bioetica/n30/original5_t2.html">Tabla 2</a>, se registran las revistas indexadas que contienen en su t&iacute;tulo la palabra &ldquo;bioethics&rdquo; o &ldquo;bio&eacute;tica&rdquo;. Se registraron 32 revistas que cumpl&iacute;an con el requisito de b&uacute;squeda, desde el a&ntilde;o 1976. De ellas, 24 contin&uacute;an public&aacute;ndose. De las 32 publicaciones peri&oacute;dicas 20 tienen su origen en Estados Unidos de Am&eacute;rica, 2 en Australia, 2 en Gran Breta&ntilde;a, 3 en Espa&ntilde;a y contribuyen con una publicaci&oacute;n Nueva Zelanda, Filipinas, Francia, Tailandia y Eslovakia. Cabe consignar que estos resultados no contemplan otras publicaciones sobre bio&eacute;tica que podr&iacute;an usar otros t&eacute;rminos para hacer referencia a ella, tales como Acta Bioethica de Chile o Biophronesis (Revista virtual de Argentina). Asimismo, tambi&eacute;n debe considerarse la posible presencia de un n&uacute;mero de publicaciones que no est&aacute;n indexadas en los buscadores de internet, pertenecientes a sociedades, organizaciones u hospitales de cada pa&iacute;s. Es interesante la publicaci&oacute;n de Revistas en idioma espa&ntilde;ol o portugu&eacute;s que mejora la comunicaci&oacute;n de dilemas bio&eacute;ticos en Am&eacute;rica Latina, Espa&ntilde;a y Portugal, sin embargo, consideramos que deber&iacute;a alentarse la publicaci&oacute;n de un mayor n&uacute;mero de revistas en el tema.</font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Discusi&oacute;n</b></font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">El mundo acad&eacute;mico reconoce a Van Rensselaer Potter como quien acu&ntilde;&oacute; el t&eacute;rmino que nos ocupa. Sin embargo, recientes publicaciones dan cuenta de que es posible rastrearlo hasta 1927 y que es creaci&oacute;n del te&oacute;logo protestante Fritz Jahr (de la ciudad de Halle an der Saale), al dar ese t&iacute;tulo a un art&iacute;culo suyo de aquel a&ntilde;o publicado en la revista Kosmos. Handweiser f&uuml;r Naturfreunde (106). Luego, el t&eacute;rmino fue recreado en Europa, durante los a&ntilde;os setenta, por Potter, Hellegers y Shriver; finalmente, recibi&oacute; de Callahan el estatuto disciplinario en un art&iacute;culo de 1973 (11). Los datos relevados en este trabajo dan cuenta del crecimiento exponencial que ha tenido el t&eacute;rmino desde entonces y nos eximen de m&aacute;s comentarios.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Es interesante notar que la Bio&eacute;tica fue poco a poco adquiriendo entidad, transitando por las tres etapas evolutivas que distingue Fernando Lolas: las etapas emotiva, reconstructiva y de consolidaci&oacute;n disciplinaria (107).</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Con respecto a la evoluci&oacute;n en la tem&aacute;tica abordada, m&aacute;s all&aacute; de los dilemas cl&aacute;sicos de la bio&eacute;ticas, tales como el aborto, la eutanasia, el transplante de &oacute;rganos, etc., queremos destacar otras incumbencias de esta disciplina y sus vaivenes en sus escasos 50 a&ntilde;os de surgimiento y consolidaci&oacute;n. El an&aacute;lisis por d&eacute;cada tambi&eacute;n es un reflejo de las variables socioculturales a nivel mundial, llegando a observar el avance de la globalizaci&oacute;n tanto en la medicina en general como en la bio&eacute;tica en particular.As&iacute; durante los a&ntilde;os &rsquo;70 cabe mencionar la expectativa por la forma de educar a los futuros m&eacute;dicos en esta &aacute;rea y la preocupaci&oacute;n acerca de cu&aacute;l ser&iacute;a el rol de las universidades en este contexto, entendiendo que es la universidad la que se encarga de la formaci&oacute;n de profesionales, preocupaba en esta d&eacute;cada la necesidad de incluir en la curr&iacute;cula universitaria asignaturas o cursos obligatorios sobre aspectos &eacute;ticos, era evidente la necesidad de un fuerte cambio curricular en la mayor&iacute;a de las escuelas de medicina del mundo. Cabe destacar adem&aacute;s, que esta d&eacute;cada nos deja como gran aporte el Informe Belmont en el a&ntilde;o 1979.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">En los a&ntilde;os &rsquo;80, la historia de la bio&eacute;tica se ve marcada por un fuerte descr&eacute;dito en medio de denuncias pol&iacute;ticas y la falta de un sentido de orientaci&oacute;n claro. B&aacute;sicamente las voces de cr&iacute;tica alegaban que algunos planteamientos eran irracionales y que los dilemas planteados no pod&iacute;an ser subsanados mediante la aplicaci&oacute;n de los principios propuestos.Hacia finales de la d&eacute;cada Francia da un paso audaz yno exento de cr&iacute;tica al proponer una ley para la Bio&eacute;tica.</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">En los a&ntilde;os &rsquo;90 cobra un nuevo inter&eacute;s la educaci&oacute;n m&eacute;dica en bio&eacute;tica por parte de las escuelas de medicina. Tambi&eacute;n surge la preocupaci&oacute;n por temas que pasan de una bio&eacute;tica cl&iacute;nica a una bio&eacute;tica de organizaciones, aspecto &iacute;ntimamente relacionado con el cambio de modelo de relaci&oacute;n m&eacute;dico-paciente, que deja atr&aacute;s el modelo paternalista y comienza a hacerse notar la cr&iacute;tica a la heteronom&iacute;a. Finalmente, en la primera d&eacute;cada del siglo XXI, la reflexi&oacute;n se centra en entender la transici&oacute;n de la disciplina y su vinculaci&oacute;n con: la biotecnolog&iacute;a y la cultura informatizada, cultura que a trav&eacute;s de las redes sociales va generando efectos impensados tanto en las sociedades industrializadas como en las tercermundistas. Aparecen entonces, asociaciones y reflexiones sobre bio&eacute;tica y pol&iacute;tica, neocolonialismo, pobreza e investigaci&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica, entre otros. Se hace evidente entonces que la bio&eacute;tica se convierte en un puente ideal para lograr el entendimiento entre los legos y y los expertos mediante el di&aacute;logo. En este sentido, &ldquo;la universidad debe contribuir a la difusi&oacute;n y socializaci&oacute;n de la bio&eacute;tica entre los distintos actores sociales, promovi&eacute;ndola como una disciplina fundamental para la comprensi&oacute;n del impacto de la ciencia y la tecnolog&iacute;a en la humanidad&rdquo; (108).</font></p>     <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Es de destacar el surgimiento de lo que podr&iacute;amos considerarcomo &ldquo;subespecializaciones&rdquo; dentro de la bio&eacute;tica; tal es el caso de la neurobio&eacute;tica o de la bio&eacute;tica en investigaci&oacute;n b&aacute;sica, las que ya cuentan con revistas especializadas sobre dichos campos. Tambi&eacute;n se oye hablar de &ldquo;ecobio&eacute;tica&rdquo;, quese ocupar&iacute;a de los dilemas morales relacionados con el medio ambiente y la calidad de vida de las personas, del imperativo moral de proteger a las generaciones futuras y de la obligaci&oacute;n de preservar la vida en general, no s&oacute;lohumana. Cabe preguntarse si estas propuestas son novedosas o si, por el contrario, el propio concepto de bio&eacute;tica las contiene (109).Desde una perspectiva diametralmente opuesta a aquella fragmentaci&oacute;n se se&ntilde;ala la necesidad de una &ldquo;bio&eacute;tica global&rdquo; como un aporte original. Pero si nos atenemos a la etimolog&iacute;a y al <i>animus</i> que inspir&oacute; a sus primeros mentores, veremos que en realidad no es una novedad sino m&aacute;s bien la esencia misma de la bio&eacute;tica (110).</font></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Bibliograf&iacute;a</b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana" size="2">1. Alvarez Diaz J, Lolas Stepke F y Outomuro D. Investigaci&oacute;n en Salud. Dimensi&oacute;n &eacute;tica. Santiago de Chile, Fernando Lolas, Alvaro Quezada y Eduardo Rodriguez 2006, 15-23.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4526795&pid=S1886-5887201400010000600001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana" size="2">2. Mainetti JA. Etica M&eacute;dica. La Plata. Quir&oacute;n; 1988.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4526797&pid=S1886-5887201400010000600002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana" size="2">3. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.scirus.com">www.scirus.com</a>.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4526799&pid=S1886-5887201400010000600003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana" size="2">4. Rose S. Bioethics. Nature Review Supplement 1971, 234(5327): 272.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4526801&pid=S1886-5887201400010000600004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana" size="2">5. Potter Van R. Bioethics: bridge to the future. New Jersey. Prentice-Hall, 1971.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4526803&pid=S1886-5887201400010000600005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana" size="2">6. Potter Van R. Bioethics for whom? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1972, 196(4): 200-205.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4526805&pid=S1886-5887201400010000600006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana" size="2">7. Mukherjee PK. Perspectives in biology &amp; medicine. Bioethics 1972, 15(3):476-477.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4526807&pid=S1886-5887201400010000600007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana" size="2">8. Autores no citados. Bioscience-bioethics. 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Medical ethics courses: some realistic expectations. Journal of medical education 1973, 48(4): 373-374.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4526813&pid=S1886-5887201400010000600010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana" size="2">11. Callahan D. Bioethics  as a discipline. Studies - Hasting Center 1973, 1(1): 66-73.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4526815&pid=S1886-5887201400010000600011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana" size="2">12. Butler RL. Teaching principles of medical ethic curricula. 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United Synagogue review 1976, 29(2): 4-5.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4526825&pid=S1886-5887201400010000600016&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana" size="2">17. Beauchamp TL. Distributive justice. Bioethics digest 1976, 1(7): 1-6.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=4526827&pid=S1886-5887201400010000600017&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></font></p>    <!-- ref --><p><font face="Verdana" size="2">18. VeatchRM. The Quinlan case: a tragedy of faulty anaysis. 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