<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1886-5887</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Bioética y Derecho]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Bioética y Derecho]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1886-5887</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Observatori de Bioètica i Dret - Cátedra UNESCO de Bioética]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1886-58872019000200003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Traducir el pensamiento en acción: Interfaces cerebro-máquina y el problema ético de la agencia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Translating thought into action: Brain-computer interfaces and the ethical problem of agency]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="ca"><![CDATA[Traduir el pensament en acció: Interfícies cervell-màquina i el problema ètic de l'agència]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monasterio Astobiza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aníbal]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Ab "/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Af1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ausín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Txetxu]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toboso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morte Ferrer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aparicio Payá]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea Instituto de Lógica, Cognición, Lenguaje e Información ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A1b">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Oxford Oxford-Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A1c">
<institution><![CDATA[,Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Instituto de Filosofía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Instituto de Filosofía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,CSIC Instituto de Filosofía Departamento de Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Laboratorio de Investigación e Intervención Filosófica y Ética  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Murcia Departamento de Filosofía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,CSIC Instituto de Filosofía Grupo de Ética Aplicada]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>46</numero>
<fpage>29</fpage>
<lpage>46</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1886-58872019000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1886-58872019000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1886-58872019000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En este artículo, nos proponemos dos objetivos: el primero, describir la teoría clásica de la agencia intencional y cómo la neurotecnología de las interfaces cerebro-máquina desafía los requisitos de la teoría clásica de la agencia y de la consciencia corporal. La neurotecnología de las interfaces cerebro-máquina funciona implantando electrodos directamente en el área de la corteza motora del cerebro que controla el movimiento, y está diseñada para detectar las señales neuronales asociadas con la intención de moverse, que son después decodificadas por un algoritmo en un computador en tiempo real. Así, una persona podría pensar en mover su pierna o su brazo y la máquina recibiría la información de su pensamiento para traducir el pensamiento en acción, mediante prótesis internas o exoesqueletos. Esto es posible y sus aplicaciones se proyectan tanto sobre la rehabilitación de la funcionalidad motora, como sobre la posibilidad de mejoramiento (enhancement) de las capacidades humanas. Ambas aplicaciones dan lugar a numerosas implicaciones éticas, pero destacamos principalmente una, que denominamos: el problema ético de la agencia. El segundo objetivo del artículo es explorar brevemente la ética algorítmica en el contexto de las interfaces cerebro-máquina y cómo se entienden en este ámbito la autonomía, la responsabilidad y la privacidad informacional. Finalmente, abogamos por la necesidad de un marco ético de principios que regule la neurotecnología, y en tal sentido apelamos a los nuevos neuroderechos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The aim of this article is twofold: Firstly, we intend to describe the classical theory of intentional agency and to analyze how the neuro-technology of brain-machine interfaces (BCI) challenges the demands of that classical theory of agency and body consciousness. BCI neuro-technology works by implanting electrodes directly into the motor brain cortex that controls movement and detect neuronal signals associated with the intention to move, what is decoded by an algorithm on a computer in real time. Thus, someone could simply think about moving a leg or an arm and the tool (a prosthesis or exoskeleton) would receive the information to translate thought into action. This is yet feasible and its applications could involve rehabilitation of motor function and the possibility of enhancing human abilities. Both applications give rise to various several ethical implications but mainly to one that we call "the ethical problem of agency". Secondly, we briefly explore the ethics of algorithms in the context of BCI neuro-technology and the way autonomy, responsibility, and informational privacy are understood. Finally, we advocate the need for an ethical framework of principles governing neuro-technology, such as the new neuro-rights.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="ca"><p><![CDATA[Resum En aquest article, ens proposem dos objectius: el primer, descriure la teoria clàssica de l'agència intencional i com la neurotecnologia de les interfícies cervell-màquina desafia els requisits de la teoria clàssica de l'agència i de la consciència corporal. La neurotecnologia de les interfícies cervell-màquina funciona implantant elèctrodes directament en l'àrea de l'escorça motora del cervell que controla el moviment, i està dissenyada per a detectar els senyals neuronals associades amb la intenció de moure's, que són després decodificades per un algoritme en un computador en temps real. Així, una persona podria pensar a moure la seva cama o el seu braç i la màquina rebria la informació del seu pensament per a traduir el pensament en acció, mitjançant pròtesis internes o exoesquelets. Això és possible i les seves aplicacions es projecten tant sobre la rehabilitació de la funcionalitat motora, com sobre la possibilitat de millorament (enhancement) de les capacitats humanes. Totes dues aplicacions donen lloc a nombroses implicacions ètiques, però destaquem principalment una, que denominem: el problema ètic de l'agència. El segon objectiu de l'article és explorar breument l'ètica algorítmica en el context de les interfícies cervell-màquina i com s'entenen en aquest àmbit l'autonomia, la responsabilitat i la privacitat informacional. Finalment, advoquem per la necessitat d'un marc ètic de principis que reguli la neurotecnologia, i en tal sentit apel·lem als nous neuro-drets.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[interfaces cerebro-máquina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[neurotecnología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[acción]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pensamiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[intención]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ética]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[BCI]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[neurotechnology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[action]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[thought]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[intention]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ethics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="ca"><![CDATA[interfícies cervell-màquina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="ca"><![CDATA[neurotecnologia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="ca"><![CDATA[acció]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="ca"><![CDATA[pensament]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="ca"><![CDATA[intenció]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="ca"><![CDATA[ètica]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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