<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1886-5887</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Bioética y Derecho]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Bioética y Derecho]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1886-5887</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Observatori de Bioètica i Dret - Cátedra UNESCO de Bioética]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1886-58872019000300002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Gene editing in translational research]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La edición de genes en la investigación traslacional]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="ca"><![CDATA[L'edició de gens en la recerca traslacional]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Güell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marc]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Biomedical Research Park Barcelona Pompeu Fabra University Department of Health and Experimental Sciences]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>47</numero>
<fpage>5</fpage>
<lpage>15</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1886-58872019000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1886-58872019000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1886-58872019000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract DNA read and write technologies have accelerated biotechnology at an unprecedented pace. This enhanced capacity to engineer living beings has accelerated not only scientific research, but also the translation into novel therapies. New approved medicinal products include the correction of the diseased genome and synthetic enhancement to fight diseases. These practices are widely supported socially and scientifically. Applications beyond therapy have also be attempted. In 2018, researcher He Jiankui reported on the edition of human germline during the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing. On the other hand, during the last years, there have also been attempts at somatic genetic enhancement without the provision of detailed outcomes. Reading and writing DNA empowers us to change our world, even ourselves. The social benefits may be enormous. We need to accelerate the debate, including the stakeholders, to foster a responsible use of these technologies and maximize the positive impact on society.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Las tecnologías de lectura y escritura de ADN han acelerado la biotecnología a un ritmo sin precedentes. Esta capacidad mejorada para diseñar seres vivos no solo ha acelerado la investigación científica, sino también la translación a terapias novedosas. Nuevos medicamentos aprobados incluyen la corrección del genoma enfermo y la mejora sintética para combatir las enfermedades. Estas prácticas son ampliamente apoyadas social y científicamente. También se han intentado aplicaciones más allá de la terapia. En 2018, el investigador He Jiankui informó sobre la edición de la línea germinal humana durante la Segunda Cumbre Internacional sobre la Edición del Genoma Humano. Por otro lado, en los últimos años también se han producido intentos de mejora genética somática. Leer y escribir ADN nos permite cambiar nuestro planeta, incluso cambiarnos a nosotros mismos. Los beneficios sociales pueden ser enormes. Necesitamos acelerar el debate, incluyendo a las partes interesadas para fomentar un uso responsable de estas tecnologías y maximizar el impacto positivo en la sociedad.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="ca"><p><![CDATA[Resum Les tecnologies de lectura i escriptura d'ADN han accelerat la biotecnologia a un ritme sense precedents. Aquesta capacitat millorada per dissenyar éssers vius no només ha accelerat la recerca científica, sinó també la translació a teràpies noves. Nous medicaments aprovats inclouen la correcció del genoma malalt i la millora sintètica per a combatre les malalties. Aquestes pràctiques són àmpliament recolzades social i científicament. També s'han intentat aplicacions més enllà de la teràpia. El 2018, l'investigador He Jiankui va informar sobre l'edició de la línia germinal humana durant la Segona Cimera Internacional sobre l'Edició del Genoma Humà. D'altra banda, en els últims anys també s'han produït intents de millora genètica somàtica. Llegir i escriure ADN ens permet canviar el nostre planeta, fins i tot canviar-nos a nosaltres mateixos. Els beneficis socials poden ser enormes. Necessitem accelerar el debat, incloent-hi les parts interessades a fi de fomentar un ús responsable d'aquestes tecnologies i maximitzar-ne l'impacte positiu en la societat.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Genome editing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[CRISPR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[germline editing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[synthetic biology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[biotechnology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[edición de genes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[CRISPR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[edición de líneas germinales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[biología sintética]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[biotecnología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="ca"><![CDATA[edició de gens]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="ca"><![CDATA[CRISPR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="ca"><![CDATA[edició de línies germinals]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="ca"><![CDATA[biologia sintética]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="ca"><![CDATA[biotecnologia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The CRISPR Tool Kit for Genome Editing and beyond]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mazhar]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nature Communications]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1911</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical Xenotransplantation, a Closer Reality: Literature Review]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aristizabal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana María]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caicedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Armando]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Echevarri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriel J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cirugía Española]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>95</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>62-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baltimore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baylis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Françoise]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Daley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[George Q]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doudna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jennifer A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eric S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lovell-Badge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robin]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[On Human Gene Editing: International Summit Statement]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[National Academy of Sciences]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[First CRISPR Clinical Trial Begins in Europe]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcus]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Scienceline]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Driving Cars to the Clinic for Solid Tumors]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castellarin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mauro]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watanabe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Keisuke]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[JUNE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carl H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KLOSS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christopher C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Posey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Avery D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Gene Therapy]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>165-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gene Therapy: A Tragic Setback]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CHECK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erika]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>420</volume>
<numero>6912</numero>
<issue>6912</issue>
<page-range>116-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Le]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F Ann]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Shuailiang]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barretto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Habib]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Naomi]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hsu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patrick D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>339</volume>
<numero>6121</numero>
<issue>6121</issue>
<page-range>819-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[UPenn Treats First Cancer Patients in Crispr-Based Trial]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Darie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tatiana]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bloomberg News]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>National Human Genome Research Institute</collab>
<source><![CDATA[DNA Sequencing Costs: Data]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Harnessing Synthetic Biology for Sustainable Development]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[French]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nature Sustainability]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>250-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gene-Therapy Trials Must Proceed with Caution]]></article-title>
<collab>Nature</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>534</volume>
<numero>7609</numero>
<issue>7609</issue>
<page-range>590</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[One-Step Assembly in Yeast of 25 Overlapping DNA Fragments to Form a Complete Synthetic Mycoplasma Genitalium Genome]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gibson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benders]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gwynedd A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Axelrod]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kevin C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zaveri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jayshree]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Algire]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mikkel A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moodie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Monzia]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montague]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Venter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J Craig]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hamilton O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hutchison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Clyde A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>105</volume>
<numero>51</numero>
<issue>51</issue>
<page-range>20404-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Gene Therapy Clinical Trials Worldwide to 2017: An Update]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ginn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Samantha L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amaya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anais K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alexander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ian E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edelstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abedi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mohammad R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Gene Medicine]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>e3015</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[PERV Inactivation Is Necessary to Guarantee Absence of Pig-to-Patient PERVs Transmission in Xenotransplantation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Güell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marc]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Niu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dong]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yinan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[George]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Haydy]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tao]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I-Hsiu]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gang]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Church]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[George]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luhan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Xenotransplantation]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>e12366</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Brief History of Tomorrow]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yuval Noah]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Homo Deus]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Random House]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Structure, Function and Diversity of the Healthy Human Microbiome]]></article-title>
<collab>Human Microbiome Projecto Consortium</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>486</volume>
<numero>7402</numero>
<issue>7402</issue>
<page-range>207-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[I Want to Help Humans Genetically Modify Themselves]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ireland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tom]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Guardian]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Development of a Synthetic Live Bacterial Therapeutic for the Human Metabolic Disease Phenylketonuria]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Isabella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vincent M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Binh N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mary Joan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lubkowicz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roww]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sarah E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Millet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yves A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cami L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nature Biotechnology]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>857-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Immunological and Physiological Observations in Baboons with Life-Supporting Genetically Engineered Pig Kidney Grafts]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iwase]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hayato]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hidetaka]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ezzelarab]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mohamed]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tao]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Zhongqiang]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bingsi]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hong]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Xenotransplantation]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>1-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Telomerase Gene Therapy in Adult and Old Mice Delays Aging and Increases Longevity without Increasing Cancer]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jesús]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bruno Bernardes de]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elsa]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schneeberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kerstin]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tejera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Agueda M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ayuso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Agueda M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bosch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fatima]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blasco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maria A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[EMBO Molecular Medicine]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>691-704</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Programmable Dual-RNA-Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jinek]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chilinski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Krzysztof]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonfara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ines]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Doudna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jennifer A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Charpentier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Emmanuelle]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>337</volume>
<numero>6096</numero>
<issue>6096</issue>
<page-range>816-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Programming Gene and Engineered-Cell Therapies with Synthetic Biology]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tasuku]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kitada]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diandreth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Breanna]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teague]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Brian]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weiss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ron]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>359</volume>
<numero>6376</numero>
<issue>6376</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Approaches to HIV Cure]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuhlmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anne-Sophie]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peterson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christopher W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kiem]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hans-Peter]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>446-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An Engineered E. Coli Nissle Improves Hyperammonemia and Survival in Mice and Shows Dose-Dependent Exposure in Healthy Humans]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kurtz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Caroline B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Millet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yves A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Puurunen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marja K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perreault]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mylène]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Charbonneau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Isabella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vincent M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kotula]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jonathan W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Science Translational Medicine]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>475</numero>
<issue>475</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Consistent Success in Life-Supporting Porcine Cardiac Xenotransplantation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Längin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthias]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tanja]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reichart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bruno]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Michel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sebastian]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buchholz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stefan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guethoff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sonja]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dashkevich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alexey]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nature]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>564</volume>
<numero>7736</numero>
<issue>7736</issue>
<page-range>430-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Development of a Gene-Editing Approach to Restore Vision Loss in Leber Congenital Amaurosis Type 10]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maeder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Morgan L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stefanidakis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Christopher J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baral]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Reshica]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bounoutas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[George S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bumcrot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nature Medicine]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>229-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering via Cas9]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prashant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mali]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luhan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esvelt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kevin]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marc]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dicarlo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[James E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Norville]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julie E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Church]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[George M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>339</volume>
<numero>6121</numero>
<issue>6121</issue>
<page-range>823-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells for Sustained Remissions in Leukemia]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maude]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Shannon L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Noelle]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shaw]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pamela A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aplenc]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bunin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nancy J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anne]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The New England Journal of Medicine]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>371</volume>
<numero>16</numero>
<issue>16</issue>
<page-range>1507-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Microbiome Therapeutics - Advances and Challenges]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mimee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Citorik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Timothy K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>105</volume>
<numero>Pt A</numero>
<issue>Pt A</issue>
<page-range>44-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Inactivation of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus in Pigs Using CRISPR-Cas9]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Niu]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hong-Jiang]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lin]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Georger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Haydy]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tao]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I-Hsiu]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HongYe]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>357</volume>
<numero>6357</numero>
<issue>6357</issue>
<page-range>1303-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Design, Synthesis, and Testing toward a 57-Codon Genome]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nili]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ostrov]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Landon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Matthieu]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marc]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kuznetsov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gleb]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Teramoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jun]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cervantes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Natalie]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Minerva]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>353</volume>
<numero>6301</numero>
<issue>6301</issue>
<page-range>819-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Yeast 2.0-connecting the Dots in the Construction of the World's First Functional Synthetic Eukaryotic Genome]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pretorius]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boeke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[FEMS Yeast Research]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Regalado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[MIT Technology Review]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwab]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Klaus]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Fourth Industrial Revolution]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Crown Publishing Group]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Accurate Multiplex Polony Sequencing of an Evolved Bacterial Genome]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shendure]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jay]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Porreca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gregory J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reppas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nikos B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Xiaoxia]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCutcheon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosenbaum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Abraham M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michael D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kun Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wang]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mitra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robi D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Church]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[George M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>309</volume>
<numero>5741</numero>
<issue>5741</issue>
<page-range>1728-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Go-Ahead for First in-Body CRISPR Medicine Testing]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sheridan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cormac]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nature Biotechnology News]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[First AAV Gene Therapy Poised for Landmark Approval]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smalley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eric]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nature Biotechnology]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>998-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>UNOS</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Transplant Trends - UNOS]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Leber Congenital Amaurosis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tsang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stephen H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tarun]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>1085</volume>
<page-range>131-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated CCR5 Ablation in Human Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells Confers HIV-1 Resistance In Vivo]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lei]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Huan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yang]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Zeyu]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Liangfu]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yulin]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ying]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Molecular Therapy: The Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1782-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Genome-Wide Inactivation of Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERVs).]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luhan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yang]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xiu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dong Niu]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[George]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Haydy]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lesha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Emal]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grishin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dennis]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Science]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>350</volume>
<numero>6264</numero>
<issue>6264</issue>
<page-range>science.aad1191</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
