<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1887-8571</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Sanidad Militar]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Sanid. Mil.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1887-8571</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio de Defensa]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1887-85712023000200011</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4321/s1887-85712023000200011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Revisión sobre el estigma en salud mental en población militar]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Review on the stigma associated with mental health problems in the current military context]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mardones-Escapa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mas-Esquerdo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Delegación de Defensa en Illes Balears  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Palma Illes Balears]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Academia Central de la Defensa Escuela Militar de Sanidad ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>79</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>129</fpage>
<lpage>135</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1887-85712023000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1887-85712023000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1887-85712023000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN  Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sobre el estigma asociado a los problemas de salud mental en el contexto militar.  Método: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura empleando las bases de datos PubMed, Psycinfo y Scielo con las palabras clave mental health, stigma y military personnel desde 2016 hasta 2022.  Resultados: Se obtuvieron un total de 84 artículos potencialmente relevantes, y tras la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión, se seleccionaron los 22 artículos sobre los que se analizan los resultados (n=31789) y se extraen las conclusiones.  Conclusiones: El estigma asociado a los problemas de salud mental es un fenómeno que dificulta la búsqueda de ayuda psicológica para resolverlos. Se encuentra mayor presencia de este estigma en la población militar que en la civil, y mayor reticencia a buscar tratamiento. Se han identificado variables que actúan facilitando o dificultando la decisión de buscar ayuda profesional en la población militar. Algunos ejércitos están implementando campañas anti-estigma. No se encontraron estudios realizados en las Fuerzas Armadas Españolas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[SUMMARY  Objective: To conduct a review on the stigma associated with mental health problems in the current military context.  Methods: A systematic review of the literature was carried out using the databases PubMed, Psycinfo and Scielo with the keywords &#8220;mental health&#8221;, &#8220;stigma&#8221; and &#8220;military personnel&#8221; from 2016 to 2022.  Results: A total of 84 potentially relevant articles were obtained, and after applying the inclusion criteria, the 22 articles on which the results are analyzed (n=31789) were selected and conclusions are drawn.  Conclusions: The stigma associated with mental health problems is a phenomenon that hinders the search for psychological help to solve them. This stigma is found to be more prevalent in the military population than in the civilian population, and there is greater reluctance to seek treatment. Variables have been identified that facilitate or hinder the decision to seek professional help in the military population. Some armies are implementing anti-stigma campaigns. No studies were found in the Spanish Armed Forces.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estigma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[salud mental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[militar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fuerzas armadas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[stigma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mental health]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[military]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[armed forces]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goffman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Simon and Schuster]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corrigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The self-stigma of mental illness: Implications for self-esteem and self-efficacy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of social and clinical psychology]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>875-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernandez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parshall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A concept analysis of stigma perceived by military service members who seek mental health services]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nursing Forum]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>188-95</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Silgo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Es la simulación de trastorno mental en militares un diagnóstico estereotipado?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sanidad Militar]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>75</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>143-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramchand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence of, risk factors for, and consequences of posttraumatic stress disorder and other mental health problems in military populations deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Current Psychiatry Reports]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bogaers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Decision (not) to disclose mental health conditions or substance abuse in the work environment: a multiperspective focus group study within the military]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ Open]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bogaers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Seeking treatment for mental illness and substance abuse: A cross-sectional study on attitudes, beliefs, and needs of military personnel with and without mental illness]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Psychiatric Research]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>147</volume>
<page-range>221-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schuy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Treffer im Kopf -Stigma psychischer Erkrankungen als Einflussfaktor auf die Inanspruchnahme von Hilfsangeboten durch VeteranInnen der Bundeswehr]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Das Gesundheitswesen]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>81</volume>
<numero>08/09</numero>
<issue>08/09</issue>
<page-range>e146-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Silgo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Revisión de programas de resiliencia basados en la evidencia en los ejércitos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sanidad Militar]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>182-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pre- ferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA stamen]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Clinical Epidemiology]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<page-range>1006-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernandez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parshall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Resilience, stress, stigma, and barriers to mental healthcare in US Air Force nursing personnel]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nursing Research]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>481-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cohesion, leadership, mental health stigmatisation and perceived barriers to care in UK military personnel]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Mental Health]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>10-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coleman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Stigma related barriers and facilitators to help seeking for mental health issues in the armed forces: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative literature]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychological Medicine]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>1880-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roscoe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Battle against Mental Health Stigma: Examining How Veterans with PTSD Communicatively Manage Stigma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Health Communication]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<page-range>1-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rozanova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA["I'm Coming Home, Tell the World I'm Coming Home". The Long Homecoming and Mental Health Treatment of Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychiatric Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>427-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DeViva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Correlates of VA mental health treatment utilization among OEF/OIF/OND veterans: Resilience, stigma, social support, personality, and beliefs about treatment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>310-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goode]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Swift]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An empirical examination of stigma toward mental health problems and psychotherapy use in Veterans and active duty service members]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Military Psychology]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>335-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eagle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Assessing Self-Stigma of Help-Seeking in Student Veterans: A Psychometric Validation Study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of College Student Psychotherapy]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>1-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rüsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Attitudes towards disclosing a mental illness among German soldiers and their comrades]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychiatry Research]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>258</volume>
<page-range>200-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williamson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stevelink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Perceived stigma and barriers to care in UK Armed Forces personnel and veterans with and without probable mental disorders]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC psychology]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harding]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Self-stigma and veteran culture]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Transcultural Nursing]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>438-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An examination of the roles of mental health literacy, treatment-seeking stigma, and perceived need for care in female veterans' service use]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychiatric Services]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>144-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamawaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The predictive effects of work environment on stigma toward and practical concerns for seeking mental health services]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[AMSUS Military Medicine]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>181</volume>
<page-range>11-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Randles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Finnegan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Veteran help-seeking behaviour for mental health issues: a systematic review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ Mil Health]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>168</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>99-104</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mellotte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pathways into mental health care for UK veterans: a qualitative study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Psychotraumatology]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whybrow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coetzee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[UK military doctors; stigma, mental health and help-seeking: a comparative cohort study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ Military Health]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>164</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>259-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Britt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Perceived unit climate of support for mental health as a predictor of stigma, beliefs about treatment, and help-seeking behaviors among military personnel]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychological Services]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>141-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weeks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mental illness-related stigma in Canadian military and civilian populations: a comparison using population health survey data]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychiatric Services]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>710-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
