<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2340-9894</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ars Pharmaceutica (Internet)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Ars Pharm]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2340-9894</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Granada]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2340-98942025000200174</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30827/ars.v66i2.31421</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Topical Ethosomal Formulation of Alpha Arbutin: Dermatokinetic Study and In-vitro Evaluation]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Formulación etosomal tópica de alfa arbutina: estudio dermatocinético y evaluación in vitro]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mogal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rajendra]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shingare]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vaishnavi]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mayur]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gite]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aditya]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Moreshwar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kshirsagar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sanjay]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Savitribai Phule Pune University Department of Pharmaceutics ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>India</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>174</fpage>
<lpage>186</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2340-98942025000200174&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2340-98942025000200174&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2340-98942025000200174&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  Melasma is a skin disorder characterized by increase in melanin production causes patient inconvenience. Alpha-arbutin blocks epidermal melanin biosynthesis by inhibiting enzymatic oxidation of Tyrosine. Alpha-arbutin is hydrophilic and poorly permeates through stratum corneaum. Ethosomes enhance permeability of drugs into deeper layers and extend the release. The main goal of this study was to prepare ethosomal gel containing alpha-arbutin to enhance permeation to skin.  Method:  Ethosomes gel of alpha arbutin were prepared by cold method using soy lecithin, ethanol, and propylene glycol (PG) and evaluated for in vitro drug diffusion, vesicle size, entrapment efficiency and dermatokinetic study.  Results:  The entrapment efficiency and drug diffusion of the prepared ethosomal gel containing alpha arbutin were found to be 94.99 % and 106.63 %, respectively. The vesicle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of the ethosomes formulated with 20 % w/w ethanol and 4 % w/w soy lecithin were recorded as 138.1 nm, 0.406, and -48 mV, respectively. The in vitro diffusion study illustrated burst release, with 97.56 ± 0.68 % drug released at 90 minutes. At the end of 8 hours, approximately 47.85% of the drug had diffused from the ethosomal gel. The dermatokinetic study demonstrated that the retention time of the drug in the dermis and epidermis was significantly higher in the ethosomal gel compared to the marketed cream.  Conclusions: Alpha arbutin was successfully formulated as an ethosomal suspension and converted into a gel. Due to the higher concentration of ethanol, drug permeation into the dermis and epidermis was significantly improved. Dermatokinetic studies demonstrated better retention of the drug in the dermis and epidermis layers compared to the marketed formulation.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  El melasma es un trastorno de la piel caracterizado por un aumento en la producción de melanina que genera molestias al paciente. La alfa-arbutina bloquea la biosíntesis de melanina epidérmica al inhibir la oxidación enzimática de la tirosina. La alfa-arbutina es hidrófila y penetra poco a través del estrato córneo. Los etosomas mejoran la permeabilidad de los fármacos a capas más profundas y prolongan la liberación. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue preparar un gel etosomal que contenga alfa-arbutina para mejorar la permeación a la piel.  Método:  Se prepararon geles de etosomas de alfa arbutina mediante el método de frío utilizando lecitina de soja, etanol y propilenglicol (PG) y se evaluaron la difusión del fármaco in vitro, el tamaño de las vesículas, la eficiencia de atrapamiento y el estudio dermatocinético.  Resultados:  Se encontró que la eficiencia de atrapamiento y la difusión del fármaco del gel etosomal preparado que contenía alfa arbutina era del 94,99 % y 106,63 %, respectivamente. El tamaño de la vesícula, el índice de polidispersidad y el potencial zeta de los etosomas formulados con 20 % p/p de etanol y 4 % p/p de lecitina de soja se registraron como 138,1 nm, 0,406 y -48 mV, respectivamente. El estudio de difusión in vitro ilustró la liberación ráfaga, con una liberación del fármaco del 97,56 ± 0,68 % a los 90 minutos. Al final de 8 horas, aproximadamente el 47,85 % del fármaco se había difundido desde el gel etosomal. El estudio dermatocinético demostró que el tiempo de retención del fármaco en la dermis y epidermis era significativamente mayor en el gel etosomal en comparación con la crema comercializada.  Conclusiones:  La alfa arbutina se formuló con éxito como una suspensión etosomal y se convirtió en un gel. Gracias a la mayor concentración de etanol, se mejoró significativamente la penetración del fármaco en la dermis y la epidermis. Los estudios dermatocinéticos demostraron una mejor retención del fármaco en las capas de la dermis y la epidermis en comparación con la formulación comercializada.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Alfa arbutina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Hiperpigmentación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[etosomas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Permeación de la piel]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Dermatocinética]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Alpha arbutin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Hyperpigmentation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ethosomes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Skin permeation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Dermatokinetics]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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