<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2444-7986</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista ORL]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. ORL]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2444-7986</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2444-79862023000300002</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14201/orl.31063</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Otitis externa maligna. Experiencia a lo largo de 25 años en un hospital de tercer nivel]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Malignant external otitis. Experience over 25 years at a tertiary referral hospital]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez-Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benito-Orejas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Ignacio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carranza-Calleja]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Antonia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cámara-Arnaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Viveros-Díez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patricia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jaime]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid Servicio de Otorrinolaringología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Valladolid ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2444-79862023000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2444-79862023000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2444-79862023000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN:  Introducción y objetivo: La otitis externa maligna (OEM) es una infección agresiva de los tejidos blandos del oído externo y estructuras circundantes, que puede diseminarse e involucrar la base del cráneo y la articulación temporomandibular (ATM). Afecta fundamentalmente a pacientes inmunodeprimidos mayores de 65 años. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido conocer las características de los pacientes diagnosticados de OEM en nuestro hospital durante los últimos años y establecer los criterios diagnóstico-terapéuticos de esta rara enfermedad.  Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo, de los pacientes ingresados en el Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid por OEM entre los años 1996 y 2021.  Resultados: En los últimos 25 años fueron ingresados por OEM nueve pacientes, 78% varones (7/9) y con una edad media de 76,8 años. Todos manifestaron precozmente la enfermedad, con otalgia, otorrea y tejido de granulación en el conducto auditivo externo (CAE). Ninguno tuvo afectación de pares craneales, pero cuatro sufrieron invasión de la ATM y dos fallecieron.  Discusión y Conclusiones: Actualmente el diagnóstico de OEM se establece a partir de una variedad de hallazgos clínicos, de laboratorio y radiográficos. El tratamiento antibiótico depende de la severidad de la infección. Desde la aparición de los antibióticos antipseudomónicos, el tratamiento quirúrgico inicial de esta patología no está indicado, realizándose únicamente biopsia o desbridamiento para el diagnóstico diferencial con patología tumoral.  Conclusión: La OEM continúa siendo una enfermedad con grave morbilidad y potencialmente mortal, especialmente en pacientes ancianos y con otras comorbilidades.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[SUMMARY:  Introduction and objective: Malignant external otitis (MEO) is an aggressive infection of the soft tissues of the external canal and surrounding structures, which can spread and involve the skull base and the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It mainly affects immunocompromised patients over 65 years of age. The objective of this study has been to know the characteristics of patients diagnosed with MEO in our hospital in recent years and to establish the diagnosis and therapeutic criteria for this rare disease.  Method: A descriptive, observational, and retrospective study of patients diagnosed with MEO at the University Clinical Hospital (Valladolid, Spain) between 1996 and 2021 was carried out.  Results: Nine patients were diagnosed with MEO in the last 25 years, 78% male (7/9), and with a mean age of 76.8 years. All patients manifested the disease early with otalgia, otorrhea and granulation tissue in the external auditory canal (EAC). None had cranial nerve involvement, but four had TMJ invasion and two of the nine patients in the sample died.  Discussion: Currently the diagnosis of MEO is established from a variety of clinical, laboratory and radiographic findings. Antimicrobial therapy depends on the severity of the infection. Since the availability of systemic antipseudomonal antibiotics, surgical treatment of this pathology is not indicated initially, performing only biopsy or debridement for differential diagnosis with tumor pathology.  Conclusion: MEO continues to be a disease with serious morbidity and maximum mortality, especially in elderly patients and with other comorbidities.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Otitis externa maligna]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[otitis externa necrotizante]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[otorrea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[diagnóstico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tratamiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Malignant otitis externa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[necrotizing otitis externa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[otorrea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[diagnosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[treatment]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sturm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stern Shavit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lalwani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What is the Best Test for Diagnosis and Monitoring Treatment Response in Malignant Otitis Externa?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laryngoscope]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>130</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>2516-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant otitis externa: an Asian perspective on treatment outcomes and prognostic factors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>148</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>991-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yeh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hsu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tseng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Outcomes of malignant external otitis: survival vs mortality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Otolaryngol.]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>130</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>89-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chandler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant external otitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laryngoscope]]></source>
<year>1968</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1257-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Richards]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant (necrotising) otitis externa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Laryngol Otol.]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>13-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carfrae]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kesser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant otitis externa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Otolaryngol Clin North Am.]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>537-49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Treviño González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reyes Suárez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández de León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant otitis externa: An updated review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Otolaryngol.]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eweiss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AZ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al-Aaraj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sethukumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Necrotising otitis externa: a serious condition becoming more frequently encountered]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Laryngol Otol.]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>136</volume>
<page-range>386-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guerrero-Espejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valenciano-Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-Llorens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Monteagudo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Otitis externa maligna en España]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp.]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>23-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubin Grandis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant (necrotizing) external otitis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edwards]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M (MA)]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M (MA)]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hodgson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sinclair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arwyn-Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nucken]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perenyei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Characteristics, management and outcome of a large necrotising otitis externa case series: need for standardised case definition]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Laryngol Otol.]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>136</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>604-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hwang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Predictive value of radiologic studies for malignant otitis externa: a systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Braz J Otorhinolaryngol.]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>66-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zonnour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jamshidi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dabiri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hasibi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tajdini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karrabi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Predictive factors in treatment response of malignant external otitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol.]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>280</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>159-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Necrotising Otitis Externa: An Overview Of Imaging Modalities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad.]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>858-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hutson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant otitis externa, an increasing burden in the twenty-first century: review of cases in a UK teaching hospital, with a proposed algorithm for diagnosis and management]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Laryngol Otol.]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>133</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>356-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Kroonenburgh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AMJL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van der Meer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bothof]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Tilburg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Tongeren]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Postma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Advanced Imaging Techniques in Skull Base Osteomyelitis Due to Malignant Otitis Externa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Radiol Rep.]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cooper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hildrew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McAfee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Branstetter 4th]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hirsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Imaging in the Diagnosis and Management of Necrotizing Otitis Externa: A Survey of Practice Patterns]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Otol Neurotol.]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>597-601</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Choi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Analysis of Prognostic Factors in Malignant External Otitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol.]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>228-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stern Shavit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soudry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamzany]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nageris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant external otitis: Factors predicting patient outcomes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Otolaryngol.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>425-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mahdyoun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pulcini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gahide]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raffaelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Savoldelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Necrotizing otitis externa: a systematic review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Otol Neurotol.]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>620-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sreepada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwartler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Skull base osteomyelitis secondary to malignant otitis externa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>316-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kamalden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TMIT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Misron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A 10-year review of malignant otitis externa: a new insight]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol.]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>279</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>2837-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hatch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bauschard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nguyen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lambert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McRackan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant Otitis Externa Outcomes: A Study of the University HealthSystem Consortium Database]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol.]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>127</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>514-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glikson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sagiv]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wolf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shapira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Necrotizing otitis externa: diagnosis, treatment, and outcome in a case series]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis.]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>74-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Franco-Vidal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanchet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bebear]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dutronc]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Darrouzet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Necrotizing external otitis: a report of 46 cases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Otol Neurotol.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>771-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al Aaraj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kelley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant Otitis Externa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[StatPearls]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Treasure Island (FL) ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[StatPearls Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xirasagar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant Otitis Externa is Associated with Diabetes: A Population-Based Case-Control Study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>129</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>585-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cohen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friedman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The diagnostic criteria of malignant external otitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Laryngol Otol.]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>101</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>216-21</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hern]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almeyda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Main]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant otitis externa in HIV and AIDS]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Laryngol Otol.]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>110</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>770-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eguchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Basugi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kanai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miyata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nasuno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hamada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant external otitis following radiotherapy for oral cancer: a case report]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Medicine (Baltimore)]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<numero>21</numero>
<issue>21</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joachims]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HZ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant external otitis in children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Otolaryngol.]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>236-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weinroth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schessel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tuazon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CU]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant otitis externa in AIDS patients: case report and review of the literature]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ear Nose Throat J.]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>73</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>772-4</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[XL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant otitis externa in a healthy non-diabetic patient]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>273</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>2261-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kwon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Han]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Song]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[MRI findings and spreading patterns of necrotizing external otitis: is a poor outcome predictable?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Radiol.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>495-504</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhasker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hartley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is malignant otitis externa on the increase? A retrospective review of cases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ear Nose Throat J.]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>E1-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mardinger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Minkow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tulzinsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ophir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hirshberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Temporomandibular joint involvement in malignant external otitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>96</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>398-403</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosenfeld]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwartz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cannon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>150</volume>
<numero>^s1 Suppl</numero>
<issue>^s1 Suppl</issue>
<supplement>1 Suppl</supplement>
<page-range>S1-S24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaushik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saeed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Interventions for acute otitis externa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cochrane Database Syst Rev.]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Long]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koyfman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Long]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[An emergency medicine-focused review of malignant otitis externa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am J Emerg Med.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>1671-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arsovic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Radivojevic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jesic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Babac]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cvorovic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dudvarski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant Otitis Externa: Causes for Various Treatment Responses]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Int Adv Otol.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>98-103</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Al Khabori]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hyder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Skull base osteomyelitis: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in atypical presentation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>133</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>121-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Courson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vikram]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What are the criteria for terminating treatment for necrotizing (malignant) otitis externa?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laryngoscope]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>124</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>361-2</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Djalilian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shamloo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thakkar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Najme-Rahim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Treatment of culture-negative skull base osteomyelitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Otol Neurotol.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>250-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chawdhary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pankhania]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Douglas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bottrill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Current management of necrotising otitis externa in the UK: survey of 221 UK otolaryngologists]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Otolaryngol.]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>137</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>818-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hobson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Byers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hirsch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Malignant Otitis Externa: Evolving Pathogens and Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>151</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>112-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bowles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schechter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fungal malignant otitis externa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ Case Rep.]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mion]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bovo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marchese-Ragona]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Outcome predictors of treatment effectiveness for fungal malignant external otitis: a systematic review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital.]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>307-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Finegersh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Narayanan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JYK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Meta-analysis does not support routine traditional nuclear medicine studies for malignant otitis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laryngoscope]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>130</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1812-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>49.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Conterno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LO]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Antibiotics for treating chronic osteomyelitis in adults]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cochrane Database Syst Rev.]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>50.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Le Clerc]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verillaud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guichard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kania]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Skull base osteomyelitis: incidence of resistance, morbidity, and treatment strategy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Laryngoscope]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>124</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>2013-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>51.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Phillips]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jones]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Hyperbaric oxygen as an adjuvant treatment for malignant otitis externa]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cochrane Database Syst Rev.]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>2013</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<label>52.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peled]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Saied]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kraus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kaplan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Surgery for necrotizing otitis externa-indications and surgical findings]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>277</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1327-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
