<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2529-850X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Journal of Negative and No Positive Results]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[JONNPR]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2529-850X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Research and Science S.L.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2529-850X2020000200008</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19230/jonnpr.3388</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Guerra química en la I y II Guerras Mundiales]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Chemical warfare in World War I and II]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jáuregui-Lobera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ignacio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Ciencias de la Conducta  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Sevilla ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Pablo de Olavide  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Sevilla ]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>218</fpage>
<lpage>235</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2529-850X2020000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2529-850X2020000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2529-850X2020000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El objetivo de la presente revisión es analizar el uso de la guerra química durante las dos grandes guerras mundiales del siglo XX. La revisión de la literatura actual permitirá también conocer si las razones de su uso persisten en la actualidad, qué nivel de desarrollo han alcanzado las armas químicas y si existe potencial científico-técnico para incrementar dicho desarrollo. Para la elaboración del trabajo se llevó a cabo, en primer lugar, un procedimiento de búsqueda de artículos científicos y, en segundo lugar, se establecieron unas áreas temáticas para plasmar los resultados de dicha búsqueda (agentes químicos empleados, armas químicas utilizadas, efectos generales de los agentes químicos, riesgo químico y la posible defensa contra el ataque químico). El mal uso de la ciencia química ha dado lugar a estos tristes acontecimientos (la preparación y uso de armas químicas). Pero sería necesario contraponer otros muchos aspectos como los medicamentos, insecticidas, herbicidas, conservantes, desinfectantes, y otros, en los cuales la química ha sido la solución a complejos problemas que garantizan una importante mejora de las condiciones de vida. Como siempre, no es la química la culpable realmente; son dilemas éticos y sociológicos, mezclados con los dirigentes políticos, los que hacen que una ciencia sea utilizada de una forma responsable para bien de la humanidad o, todo lo contrario, que se utilicen los conocimientos como arma destructiva.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The objective of this review is to analyze the use of chemical warfare during the two great World Wars of the twentieth century. The review of the current literature will also allow to know if the reasons for its use persist at present, what level of development chemical weapons have reached and if there is a scientific and technical potential to increase this development. First of all, a searching procedure for scientific articles was carried out, and, secondly, thematic areas were established in order to expose the results (chemical agents, chemical weapons, general effects of chemical agents, chemical risk and possible defense against chemical attack). The misuse of chemical science has given rise to these painful events (the preparation and use of chemical weapons). But it would be necessary to consider many other aspects such as medicines, insecticides, herbicides, preservatives, disinfectants, and others, in which chemistry has been the solution to complex problems that guarantee a significant improvement in living conditions. Once again, chemistry is not really to blame; they are ethical and sociological dilemmas, mixed with political leaders, that make a science to be used in a responsible way for the good of humanity or, on the contrary, as a destructive weapon.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Guerra química]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Armas químicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Guerras mundiales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Lesiones por armas químicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Defensa química]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Terrorismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Chemical warfare]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Chemical weapons]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[World wars]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Injuries due to chemical weapons]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Chemical defense]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Terrorism]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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