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REC: Interventional Cardiology
versión On-line ISSN 2604-7276versión impresa ISSN 2604-7306
REC Interv Cardiol ES vol.5 no.1 Madrid ene./mar. 2023 Epub 18-Mar-2024
https://dx.doi.org/10.24875/recic.m22000352
CLINICAL CASE
Percutaneous treatment of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection with dual drainage. Case resolution
aUnidad de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España
bUnidad de Radiología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España
SEE RELATED CONTENT:
https://doi.org/10.24875/RECICE.M22000297
https://doi.org/10.24875/RECICE.M22000298
CASE RESOLUTION
The heart team decision was to percutaneously treat both the coronary artery disease and the partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC). Percutaneous coronary intervention was successfully performed in the first place. Treatment of the PAPVC was performed 3 months later. Since it is recommended that the diameter of the device should be 30% to 50% larger than the vessel diameter, a 22 mm Amplatzer Vascular Plug II device (AVP-II) (Abbott, United States) was selected based on the VV computed tomography measurements.
The procedure was performed under local anesthesia and with fluoroscopic control. A 7-Fr introducer sheath was inserted into the right femoral vein. A 6-Fr multipurpose diagnostic catheter was advanced using a 0.035 in exchange guidewire to reach the VV through the left innominate vein (figure 1A). Angiography confirmed the presence of a left upper pulmonary vein (LUPV) with dual drainage and significant contrast flow from the LUPV to the innominate vein that filled the right chambers (left-to-right shunt) (figure 1, video 1 of the supplementary data). Using a femoral 7-Fr 90 cm Destination Guiding Sheath (Terumo, United States) the AVP-II device was placed and delivered into the VV (figure 2A, video 2 of the supplementary data). The correct position, absence of residual shunt, patency of innominate vein, and LUPV flow were confirmed by angiography in both the innominate vein (figure 2B,C) and pulmonary artery (figure 2D).
Two days later a control computed tomography (figure 3) and a transthoracic echocardiography with microbubble contrast agent were performed. They confirmed the correct position of the AVP-II device, and the lack of pulmonary infarction. At 7-month follow-up the patient remained asymptomatic and cardiac catheterization showed similar successful fluoroscopic findings (videos 3 and 4 of the supplementary data), and significantly improved pulmonary pressures (figure 4).
The differential diagnosis of a LUPV with dual drainage should include other left-side vascular structures such as persistent left superior vena cava, which is the most common thoracic venous anomaly and, in most cases, drains into the right atrium. However, it may be connected to the left atrium (LA) through a pulmonary vein. In this scenario the expected direction of blood flow is craniocaudal.1
The treatment of PAPVC is indicated with symptoms attributed to significant left-to-right shunt. Shunting is mainly determined by the number and size of anomalous pulmonary veins. In our case, we hypothesize that the dual LUPV connection and the coexistence of an increased LA pressure due to left ventricular dysfunction contributed to a disproportionate shunt for a single anomalous pulmonary vein. This eventually led to right chambers dilatation and symptomatic combined post- and pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension.
Although surgery is the treatment of choice, percutaneous treatment may be a feasible alternative in patients with a pulmonary vein dually draining into a left innominate vein and the LA2 since the sealing of the VV with a vascular device redirects all pulmonary vein blood flow into the LA. Before sealing, transient balloon occlusion should be considered to assess LA and pulmonary pressure changes. If pressure increases, sealing should be reconsidered and if performed, LA decompression with an atrial flow regulator should follow.3
AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTIONS
R. González-Manzanares and G. Flores-Vergara drafted the manuscript and completed its critical revisions. S. Ojeda, J. Suárez de Lezo, S. Espejo, and M. Pan reviewed and revised the manuscript and approved its final version before submission. All authors gave their final approval to the version that would eventually be published.
REFERENCES
1. Azizova A, Onder O, Arslan S, et al. Persistent left superior vena cava:clinical importance and differential diagnoses. Insights Imaging. 2020;11:110. [ Links ]
2. Mamas MA, Clarke B, Mahadevan VS. Percutaneous treatment of dual pulmonary venous drainage and coarctation of the aorta in a single patient. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2010;15:11-13. [ Links ]
3. Pascual-Tejerina V, Sánchez-Recalde Á, Gutiérrez-Larraya F, Ruiz-Cantador J, Rodríguez-Padial L, Zamorano JL. Transcatheter closure of a vertical vein in a patient with total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage decompressing the left atrium with an AFR device. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2021;74:990-991. [ Links ]